Christianity Essays (2379 words) - Family Law, Divorce,

Christianity Religious Studies a) Describe and explain the Christian teaching about marriage (be sure to include Biblical evidence). (24) b) Choose two different Christian denominations and explain how they apply this teaching to the issue of divorce and remarriage today. (21) c) Divorce and remarriage can never be justified. Give reasons to agree and disagree with this statement, using evidence from Christian teachings and practice. What is your opinion? Give reasons when you explain it. (15) a) Describe and explain the Christian teaching about marriage (be sure to include Biblical evidence). (24) There are many reasons as to why a couple wishes to be married, these may include: ? A baby is on the way and they want the child to have married parents ? The couple will be better off financially, as the man gets a married, mans tax allowance. ? It is less confusing if the couple have the same surname. ? The couple wants to show their love for each other by having a wedding ceremony. ? It gives both parties security under the law. The fundamental basis for Christian teaching on marriage is that God created man and woman for each other and it is in the Old Testament that we are first introduced to this concept. The Old Testament writers believed that married love was part of Gods purpose in creating people. It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him.(Genesis 2:18) It also clearly states in the Old Testament that marriage was so important, that adultery was a crime fit only for the severest punishment. You shall not commit adultery. (Deut.5: 18) If a man commits adultery with another mans wife with the wife of his neighbour - both the adulterer and the adulteress must be put to death. (Lev. 20:10) The teachings of St Paul and the teaching of Jesus are recognised in the New Testament. St Paul and Jesus did not change the laws and stories, but simply built on them in their own teaching. Jesus and St Paul taught that marriage is for life until one of the partner dies. Jesus, being an orthodox Jew accepted that divorce took place, but according to biblical interpretation was probably unhappy with the position that Jewish woman was left after divorce. Moses gave permission for a man to write a divorce notice and send his wife away. Marriage has three purposes: the good of the couple (it enables then to have a life-long relationship of love) and the procreation of children and their education. The union of husband and wife is designed not only as a way of expressing their love for each other, but so their love can give new life. These purposes are outlined in the wedding service. Two people vow to love and cherish, for better for worse, in sickness and in health, till death do us part. The priest asks for God to protect the couple and help them through their marriage so they can remain faithful to each other. Marriage is a commitment and given by God as a means for a man and woman to find happiness together. In marriage, a man and woman are called to help each other to live out a life of love: in sharing the good times, and the bad. By their mutual self-giving love they help each other to come to know, understand and live the real meaning of love. Their love helps them to become truly and fully alive. The matrimonial covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, is by its nature toward the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring; this covenant between baptised persons has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament. (Catechism of the Catholic Church 1601) At the wedding, the bride wears a white dress. This is a tradition that the bride would be a virgin on her wedding day. Once they are married and have sexual intercourse, they become one flesh (Ephesians 5:21 33) and only God can end this bond. They are no longer two, but one. A man will leave his father and mother and unite with his wife, and the two

Conjugation of the Spanish Verb Reír

Conjugation of the Spanish Verb Reà ­r The written accent on its final syllable makes reà ­r (to laugh) an unusual verb. But it is  still regularly conjugated in terms of pronunciation (although not spelling) in most forms. Sonreà ­r (to smile) is conjugated in the same  way as reà ­r. So is freà ­r (to fry) with one exception - freà ­r has two past participles, freà ­do and frito. The latter is far more common. Two of the forms below, rio and riais, used to be spelled with an accent: rià ³ and riis, respectively. But the Royal Spanish Academy eliminated the accents marks, which do not affect pronunciation, during a spelling overhaul in 2010. You may still see the accented forms in use. Irregular forms are shown below in boldface. Translations are given as a guide and in real life may vary with context. Infinitive of Rer reà ­r (to laugh) Gerund of Rer riendo (laughing) Participle of Rer reà ­do (laughed) Present Indicative of Rer yo rà ­o, tà º rà ­es, usted/à ©l/ella rà ­e, nosotros/as reà ­mos, vosotros/as reà ­s, ustedes/ellos/ellas rà ­en (I laugh, you laugh, he laughs, etc.) Preterite of Rer yo reà ­, tà º reà ­ste, usted/à ©l/ella rio, nosotros/as reà ­mos, vosotros/as reà ­steis, ustedes/ellos/ellas rieron (I laughed, you laughed, she laughs, etc.) Imperfect Indicative of Rer yo reà ­a, tà º reà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella reà ­a, nosotros/as reà ­amos, vosotros/as reà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas reà ­an (I used to laugh, you used to laugh, he used to laugh, etc.) Future Indicative of Rer yo reirà ©, tà º reirs, usted/à ©l/ella reir, nosotros/as reiremos, vosotros/as reirà ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas reirn (I will laugh, you will laugh, he will laugh, etc.) Conditional of Rer yo reirà ­a, tà º reirà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella reirà ­a, nosotros/as reirà ­amos, vosotros/as reirà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas reirà ­an (I would laugh, you would laugh, she would laugh, etc.) Present Subjunctive of Rer que yo rà ­a, que tà º rà ­as, que usted/à ©l/ella rà ­a, que nosotros/as riamos, que vosotros/as riais, que ustedes/ellos/ellas rà ­an (that I laugh, that you laugh, that she laugh, etc.) Imperfect Subjunctive of Rer que yo riera (riese), que tà º rieras (rieses), que usted/à ©l/ella riera (riese), que nosotros/as rià ©ramos (rià ©semos), que vosotros/as rierais (rieseis), que ustedes/ellos/ellas rieran (riesen) (that I laughed, that you laughed, that he laughed, etc.) Imperative of Rer rà ­e (tà º), no rà ­as (tà º), rà ­a (usted), riamos (nosotros/as), reà ­d (vosotros/as), no riais (vosotros/as), rà ­an (ustedes) (laugh, dont laugh, laugh, lets laugh, etc.) Compound Tenses of Rer The perfect tenses are made by using the appropriate form of haber and the past participle, reà ­do. The progressive tenses use estar with the gerund, riendo. Sample Sentences Showing Conjugation of Verbs in Rers Pattern Si rà ­es, yo reirà © contigo. (If you laugh, I will laugh with you. Present indicative, future.) En fin, rà ­e como nunca ha reà ­do en su vida. (Finally, he is smiling as he has never smiled in his life. Present indicative, present perfect.) Sonrio despuà ©s de unos segundos de incomodidad. (She laughed after a few seconds of discomfort. Preterite.) Quiero que riamos juntos. (I want us to laugh together.  Present subjunctive.) En las fotos tomadas ante del siglo XIX, las personas casi nunca sonreà ­an. (In photos taken before the 19th century, people are almost never smiling.  Imperfect.) Para hacer cebolla frita en conserva, yo la freirà ­a a fuego lento hasta que estuviera transparente. (To make fried onions for canning, I would fry them on a low flame until theyre transparent. (Past participle used as an adjective, conditional.)  ¡Sonrà ­e! (Smile! Imperative.)

Describe the decision making model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Describe the decision making model - Essay Example There are various decision making models; the pure rationality model, disjointed incrementalism model, rounded rationality model, intuitive model, recognition primed model, ultimate model and the cost/benefit analysis model. The pure rationality model is the most rational model in decision making but unrealistic as it is based on unlimited time, resources and knowledge assumption in its implementation. Cost benefit analysis model is a technique to analyze an opportunity to demonstrate the cost saving benefits towards receiving management support and commitment to implement (Tsl.state.tx.us 2010). It is usually carried out to determine how well or poorly an action will turn out. The model is mostly used in making of financial decisions. It encompasses the addition of positive factors and negative results subtraction in determination of the net outcome. It is commonly referred to as running the numbers. A cost benefit analysis finds, adds and quantifies all the positive factors or the benefits in relation to a decision option. It then identifies, subtracts and quantifies all the negative factors normally referred to as costs. The difference of the benefits and the costs of the related decision option is an indication of the viability of the decision option. To ensure the best option is taken, it is always advisable to include al the costs and benefits and proper quantification procedures are carried out. For example when dealing with healthcare decisions, we may require driver services. Drivers are very vital in the running of a health care services center. They are the ones who are major players in ambulance services therefore their well being should be treated with care. The sobriety of the drivers should be ensured as they are usually permitted by law to drive at very high speeds. A health care manager may be faced with the decision of whether to employ a new driver or pay overtime wages to the current drivers. In doing this the manager

Human Resource Management Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

Human Resource Management - Thesis Example With the aim to study how trust and loyalty enhances performance, three objectives were laid out in the first chapter. After extensive literature review of the theories and principle of the different HR programs that organizations adopt, a qualitative study was conducted to determine the employment relationships post economic recession 2008. The research was based on data from secondary sources as collection of primary data was not possible due to certain constraints. All the objectives have been achieved. The study concludes that open and honest communication enhances loyalty and trust, enhances the employment relationship which ultimately results in better performance. Long-term relationships between employers and employee can be established when open communication exists in the organization. The findings suggest that after the economic downturn employers realize the value of maintaining employee relationship. They also recognize that while financial incentives have limitations, du ring downturn, this should not be cut back as this could go against the interests of the company. This has prompted the companies to reverse their decisions. Overall, intrinsic motivation alone can lead to sustained relationships and this can happen only when the worker enjoys what he does. The study concluded by suggesting further areas of research and the limitation to the study were provided. Internationalization and globalization have caused labor market changes as the socio-economic environment of business has changed. Labor market changes have brought about changes in the employer-employee relationship. The employer-employee relationship cannot be generalized as it would differ across nations, cultures. The interaction and communication between employer and employee would also depends upon the on the industry and the size of the organization. The economic downturn has a direct impact on the employer brand and employee loyalty. Employer brand has become important to attract the

Journal 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Journal 1 - Essay Example Human resource planning aims at forecasting the labor demand, managing staff number, ensuring that the competencies match the roles assigned and balancing the labor supply and demand in the organization. With human resources planning, the organization is able to adapt to the changing labor and work environment (Sekhri, 2010). Recruitment refers to the process of attracting many competent employees with suitable qualifications to apply for suitable jobs in a certain organization. Recruitment aims at balancing labor with the work available in the organization by appealing to interested individuals with proper qualifications to ask for the existing opportunities. Selection follows the process of recruitment. Selection refers to the process of picking out the most suitable and qualified individuals within the group of applicants to work in a certain position in the organization. It is one of the most significant processes within an organization, as it helps in choosing the most competent employees for an empty position (Sparrow, 2007). In conclusion, human resource planning, recruitment and selection are some of the most crucial processes in an organization for they provide the best employees that ensure success within the company. Therefore, these processes must be conducted carefully and by professionals to ensure that the organization succeeds (Louw, 2013). Sparrow, P. R. (2007). Globalization of HR at function level: four UK-based case studies of the international recruitment and selection process. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(5),

Copper: Structure, Functions and Chemistry

Copper: Structure, Functions and Chemistry COPPER (I) Copper has played a significant role in the history of human civilization, he was the first metal produced on a larger scale and used for practical purposes. Copper has been used by humans since ancient times, in the oldest antiquity and almost certainly soon after gold and argint. Archeologists discovered objects of this metal dating from 8700 BC, the occurrence of copper, much tougher and cheaper than gold and argint, expand the uses and the manufacture of weapons and various utensils (especially plows), thus making a significant jump in history: the transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age. Copper is one of the chemical elements of the base, a metal which pure has orange-red color and has a high electrical and thermal conductivity. Distinctive color of the copper, reddish, has made as first people to use him in creating jewelry and tools. Currently it is used to create a variety of products (cables, cooking pots and pans, tubes and pipes, car radiators, etc..), and pigm ent and preservative for paper, paint, textile and wood. Can also be used in various combinations, with zinc produce brass and with tin produces bronze . In the Earths crust, copper reserves are estimated to be about 70 parts per million, which puts them among the top four of the Earth reserves. Copper is found in its natural state, but most are in the mineral reserves, of which the most important are chalcopyrite and bornite. From the point of view of the spread in nature, copper may be found either in the native form (pure or bonded) or be in the form of compounds or minerals. After existing information, the copper was discovered in the year 6000 BC, by a people living in Turkestan or on the southern slope of the Caucasus. From here emerged in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Crete and eventually in Europe. Judging after the old copper objects found, it can be said that this metal has emerged in Egypt 5,000 years BC and then, after a millennium, in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates, where the Sumerian civilization developed. In Egypt, on the pharaoh time Turmes, the copper was exploited in Sinai Peninsula and was known as Komt. Copper ores used by ancient peoples came from Asia Minor and the Cypru. Also, the great philosopher of antiquity, Aristotle (330 BC) wrote that in India there is a kind of copper that can not distinguish gold than by weight (it been easier). The first large deposits of copper ore were discovered about 3000 BC, in the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean.There is evidence that the Greeks and then the Romans extracted copper from Cyprus (since 1500 BC). When the Romans conquered Cyprus, the Romans brought copper almost entirely from Cyprus, so they called him, Cyprium, metal of Cyprus, then shortened to cyprium and later at cuprum. In South America, the findings showed that there were copper objects from 500 BC along the north coast of Peru. A development in copper processing was done when the Inca empire fell, it being conquered by the Spanish in the 1500s. Regarding the United States, the first copper mine is known in Connecticut (Branby) in 1705, followed by Pennsylvania (Lancaster) in 1732. However, production of copper objects was based on copper imported from Chile until 1844, when were discovered large deposits of copper ore, high quality, around Lake Superior. With the development of techniques for processing by the late 1800s, began exploiting the copper ore lower quality in large mines open in the western United States. The biggest piece of elemental copper found in nature weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 in the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, USA. Copper-containing minerals, such as chalcopyrite, Azurite, malachite, copper is present in the earths crust at a concentration of 50 parts per million, and constituted 0.01% of the. Most of copper removed from the mine is in the form of compounds such as sulfides or sulfates. Today, copper ores (copper sulfides, oxides and carbonates) are found in the USA and Canada, as well as several other places (in more than 50 nations). Should be noted, however, about half of the amount of copper in the world comes dinChile and the United States. New Mexico, Nevada, and Montana are states that give the largest amount of copper (about 98 percent) in the United States. World production of copper is about 12 million tons per year and the reserves are about 300 million tons, and is projected to be only for another 25 years. Strongest copper manufacturers, top two are United States and Chile, followed by Canada, Peru, Australia, Russia, China and Indonesia. About 2 million tons of copper per year are recovered through recycling process. With 2000 years BC, the copper was used only in the manufacture of bronze, and later on making some ornaments and copper combinations of coloring glass in blue (used as a precious stone, rings, brooches and so on). Objects of copper with the greatest seniority were found in areas with historical significance, eg Chaldea, Egypt, Assyria, Phoenicia and America. Thus the oldest objects found in northern Iraq, beads native copper (nuggets), dating from about 9000 BC, and various tools for processing of copper, made in about 5000 BC. In the New World copper objects were used by Native Americans as early as 2000 BC. In China was used to create bells. Later, the copper has been widely used in various alloys as bronze and brass (copper zinc) Èâ„ ¢i copper tin zinc. As bronze, was used to make cutlery, coins, tools, art and various bronze vessels. Copper alloys have been strong enough to be used in guns and cannons, and was known as †gun metal†. Homer wrote of weapons made of copper. Around the year 900 BCE, copper salts have been used for painting had expensive homes, being combined with clay and lime later. The alloy of copper and nickel (cupronickel) was the preferred metal for coins, bronze coins first appeared in Egypt, between 430-322 BC, and is now used this alloy for achieving U.S. coins. Because he was one of the main metals (together of gold and silver ), copper came to the attention of the alchemists, who called Venus, after the planet that regarded represented by copper. It is now widely used like bronze and brass in construction, truss building, roofing, heating and plumbing systems. Also, the copper is used heavily for electrical equipment (60%), almost every electrical device (electric clocks, stoves, portable CD players, and electricity transmission wires) is based on copper, because it has a high electrical conductivity and cheap. It is well known that older telephone lines were made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of thick copper wire packages, computers have copper circuit boards. Some copper alloys are used as pesticide for insects and rodents. Also, Copper alloys are found used in a variety of compounds: battery fluid, in fireproof, fabric paints, food additives for farm animals; fireworks (bright emerald color); The copper alloys underpin the manufacture of ceramics and enamels, photographic film, the different pigments and marine paints, as well as metals conservation, water purification, and wood protection. Using copper compounds, can also be undertaken and semi precious stones, such as turquoise (vary in color from green to blue) and malachite. Physical properties are usually those that can be observed using our senses such as color, luster, freezing point, boiling point, melting point, density, hardness and odor. A disc of copper (99.95% pure) In its solid state, of metal, copper has with a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, and is reddish, this color is the main property after which differs from the other elements. Copper color reflects red and orange light and absorbs other frequencies in the visible spectrum, due to its band structure. The copper crystal (cubic, face-centered) is lacking the presence of polymorphism. Usually, most of the inorganic compounds and organic compounds of copper are blue in color, although some may be green or greenish. Very interesting are his properties,to form compounds by green color (carbonate, chloride, etc.), Black (oxide) or blue (sulfate and hydroxide). One of the disadvantages of copper is the phenomenon of Cocle (greening), which can be often observed on old vessels and coins. Together with osmium (blue) and gold (golden yellow), the copper is one of three elemental metals has natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish stain when exposed to air, and will be green later. Cooper has a high melting point (1083 °C), which cause limited use to the pure metal. It can easily combine with other metals: Zn, Sn and Ni, forming alloys: brass, bronze,constantan, with improved properties and low melting points. He has a shine or glow, and his boiling point is 2595 °C. Its density is 8.96 grams per cubic centimeter. Copper is a very soft metal with a hardness of 3 on the Mohs scale (50 scale Vickers), tensile strength stood at 210 MPa, but is quite resistant to breaking, and very ductile (can be drawn into wires) and can be molded at high pressure. Both copper and its alloys have a very high pliability (can be drawn in thin sheets), and are very easy to process. However, the ductility of copper is extremely favorable, thus being able to obtain very thin copper wire, called strands (they used in the past, fuses). It is malleable, ductile, and an extremely good conductor of both heat and electricity. It is softer than zinc and can be polished to a bright finish . Is similar to the thermal conductivity of silver (silver 1 to 0.93), and much higher than other common metals. Precisely because of this property, copper pipe is used to transfer heat. However, the conductivity of copper is decreased when cooper is impure; when cooper contain the impurities of 0.1% of elements such as phosphorus, arsenic, silicon or iron, the conductivity may lower even by 20%. Therefore, electrotechnics uses only pure copper electrolyte. Like all metals, if copper is plated with another metal, begin galvanic corrosion process. Chemical properties Atomic number of copper is 29, and is found in group 11 of the periodic table, together with silver and gold, and has symbol Cu. Relative atomic mass is 63.546. The valence of copper is essentially 1 or 2 (a rare form copper compounds and salts of oxidation state 1, and 2, which are commonly called cuprous or cupric salts), although less may be even 3 . It is found in Group 11, Period 4 of the periodic table. Copper isotope 6429Cu electronic shell electron, 29 protons and 35 neutrons in the nucleus. Thanks to its electronic structure, copper may transfer an electron located on the last layer, forming ion CuI. Who ion combinations are stable. Copper can give, besides the electron located on the last layer, another electron, which is on the penultimate layer, forming ions CuII Copper does not react with water, but reacted slowly with the ambient air, as a result of this reaction, the copper surface to form a green layer of oxidized copper. In contrast to the oxidation of iron in moist air, this oxide layer stops the corrosion; a layer of green verdigris (copper carbonate) can be seen on old copper constructions, such as the Statue of Liberty, the largest copper statue world. Most copper salts are hygroscopic. Copper presents magnetic conductivity. Isotopes Copper has 29 isotopes; two of them, 63Cu and 65Cu are stable, and isotope 63Cu represents 69% of all natural copper. The other isotopes 27 are unstable (radioactive); the most stable of the radioactive is 67 Cu with half-life by 61.83 hours. Seven other isotopes have been characterized; between radioactive isotopes, it remark 63Cu, which emit positive beta radiation, resulting the isotopes of nickel, while the 65Cu isotope, with beta negative radioactive emissions, has results zinc isotopes. It should be noted that although it is a metal, copper is an essential element of life. It is found in all tissues of the body, but most of the copper found in the liver, and small quantities are found in the brain, heart, kidney and muscle. As beneficial effects, copper helps the body to use iron in the blood, reducing free radicals actions on tissues. Consuming foods copper may also prevent certain diseases or disabilities, such as allergies, baldness, AIDS, leukemia, osteoporosis and stomach ulcers. With iron (another metal), the copper assists in the synthesis of red blood cells. But it must be noted that copper does not break down in the environment, so it can be accumulated by plants and animals. This means that where there is copper in large quantities, it can develop only a limited number of plants, which adversely affect the work of agricultural land according to soil acidity and the presence of organic matter. However, manure containing large copper, is still applied on fields farm. Also, copper negatively influence activity of microorganisms and earthworms, which implies a slow decomposition of organic matter. Cupric salts are very powerful poisons for algae and fungi. Therefore, impregnate wood sulphate or copper naphthenate, to avoid the mushrooms and sprinkled vineyards, against blight, with a solution of copper sulphate mixed with lime. Copper has played a significant role in the history of human civilization, it the first metal produced on a larger scale and used for practical purposes. Copper is, after iron, the metal most used. After ones set, we find that the copper is a very common substance that occurs naturally in the environment and people use extensively. Apply in industry and agriculture, which made as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹copper production to increase over the last decades.

Child Rearing In Victorian Times :: essays research papers fc

Child Rearing in Victorian Times   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Childhood barely existed for most British children at the end of the eighteenth century, since they began a lifetime of hard labour as soon as they were capable of simple tasks. By contrast, the fortunate children of the wealthy generally were spoiled and enjoyed special provisions for the need of a lengthy childhood, yet who in a way may have endured the same pain of those who were not as fortunate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Child rearing in the Victorian times was not at all similar to child rearing today. There were of course two different categories on how the child was brought up. They went from one extreme to the other. They were the difference of the classes. The life of an upper class child during the Victorian era, was as one may put it, stuffy, conventional and routine, not to mention quite lonely at certain times. Yet others argue Victorian children should have been quite content, given the fact that they were treated to only the best of toys, clothes and education and it was absurd to even consider the child being neglected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mothers and Fathers were seen as special, glamourous guests, due to the fact that they were never around and rarely seen by their children. This was because child and parent led totally separate existences, they were only summoned to appear before their parents at a certain set hour of the day. Many Victorian children like Winston Churchill and Harriet Marden recall such cold relations between their selves and their mothers that they would be able to count how many times in their life they had been hugged. Family life was formal, although during that time child rearing manuals urged bonding and maternal ties, mothers remained cool and distant. Children were a convenience to their parents, they obeyed them as they would an army officer. Sir Osbert Sitwell once argued, Parents were aware that the child would be a nuisance and a whole bevy of servants, in addition to the complex guardianship of nursery and school rooms was necessary not so much to aid the infant as to screen him from his father or mother, except on some occasions as he could be used by them as adjuncts, toys or decorations. Although this only describes a minority of parents it was always in the best interests for the child not to be heard or in the way, it was rarely taken to the extent of screening the child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was the era of nurses and nannies, the child was not raised by the woman who gave birth to him, but by the hired help.

Presidential form of Government Essay

Presidential form of government , is a government in which the chief executive is not responsible to the legislature. Bagehot, † the independence of the legislative and the executive powers is the specific quality of presidential government just as fusion and combination is the principle of cabinet government†. If we compare cabinet and presidential systems , we can find that they are both representative in character, but in cabinet system the executive is a part of legislature and responsibility of executive to legislature is sine quo non . In presidential form of government the executive, i.e., PRESIDENT is constitutionally independent of legislature. They are two distinct organs more or less separated from each other. The executive is not the creature of legislature, nor is it responsible for its public acts or dependent for its seat. The head of the state exercise real power, as it derives from the constitution and as such there is no distinction between a executive and the executive. Dr.Garner,†What has been called ‘Presidential’ government as contra-distinguished from cabinet or parliamentary government, is that system in which the executive (including both the Head of the state and his ministers) is constitutionally independent of the legislature in respect to the duration of his or their tenure and irresponsible to it for his or their political policies. In such a system the chief of the state is not merely the titular executive but he is real executive and actually exercises the powers which the constitution and laws confer upon him†. HIGHLIGHTS OF SYSTEM:(ALSO COMPARING WITH PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT). 1) SEPARATION OF POWERS Unlike the parliamentary system of government where executive is a part of legislature, in presidential form of government there is separation of  powers. In this system the executive and legislature are separate from each other and they have equal status. But in a parliamentary government, there is no separation of powers. In this system the executive is under the legislature. 2) I n a presidential form of government , the president is the Head of the state as well as of the government.. While in a parliamentary government, the Head of the state is President, or king or, Governor-General and the Prime minister is the Head of the government. It must be noted that the position of the Head of the state in a parliamentary government is nominal . He/ she holds the power in theory. They are either wielding this position by hereditarily or through in direct election or by nomination. 3) In a presidential government, the President is elected for a fixed tenure and except impeachment for the violation of the constitution; he cannot be removed from his office before the expiry of his term. In a parliamentary government, though similar is the position of the President, yet the Prime minister can be removed only through a vote of no- confidence by the Parliament. 4) In a presidential government, the president enjoys real powers of the administration and he exercises all the powers, which are given to him under the constitution and the law. In a presidential government there is no prime minister. The secretaries help the president in the administration and they are appointed by the him on the basis of ability. It depends upon the will of the president to accept or reject their service. In a parliamentary government, though constitutionally the Head of the state has many powers, yet in practice these powers are enjoyed by his ministers. Thus in practice the president has only nominal powers and real powers lie with the prime minister or his ministers. 5) In a presidential government the president and his secretaries are not responsible to the legislature. The legislature cannot remove them through a vote of no- confidence. More over, an adjournment motion or a censure motion cannot be brought against him .The president and his secretaries are not the  members of the legislature and they do not attend its sessions. In a parliamentary government the prime minister and other ministers are the members of either house of the parliament and any one who is not the member of the parliament has to seek the membership within a specified period of time. They attend the session of the parliament and answer the questions and supplementary questions. They place bills before the parliament and make statements relating to policies. A vote of no – confidence, adjournment motion and censure motion can be brought against them. In a parliamentary government only the president, king or governor – general make a speech at the time of the inauguration of the parliament. They are neither members of the house nor they take part in its deliberation. The Head of the state is not responsible to the parliament. PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT: retrospection In the United States Of America, in the 17th century there existed 13 small colonies populated by English men and were independent and self- governing, acknowledging the nominal supremacy of the British crown. They set up their own assemblies, councils, and boards to govern themselves. In July 4th 1776, the leaders of these colonies met at Philadelphia and adopted ‘ DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE â€Å". In 1777, the colonies gave themselves a legal charter by framing â€Å"ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION†. But the British parliament was on collision course with these colonies and American War Of Independence broke out which ended on 1783 with the acceptance of Britain the independence, sovereignty , and freedom of the colonies .But other problems like defending against external aggression , regulation of trade and commerce, relation between outside world , finding satisfactory solution to problems made the colonies to decide to have , â€Å"a more perfect u nion to protect themselves from foreign aggression and to secure blessings of liberty to themselves and their posterity†. It was at this time that Monstesquiau , a French jurist published a book known as â€Å"ESPRIT DES LOIS† , in which he put forward the Theory Of Separation Of Powers . This had a profound impact on the colonies. In that he says,† whenever the executive and the legislative powers are united in  the same person , or in the same body of magistrates , there can be no liberty. Again, there can be no liberty if the judicial power be not separated fro the legislative and executive; were it joined with the legislative , the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control , for the judge would then be a legislator ; were it joined to the executive , the judge might behave with violence and oppression . There would be an end of everything were the same men or the same body whether of nobles or the people were to exercise these three powers that of enacting laws, that of executing the public resolutions and trying the causes of individuals†. This along with the views of John Locke which was put forward by him prior to Montesquieu in Second Treatise on Civil Government in the year 1690 in which he said : † it might be too great a temptation to human frailty , apt to grasp at power , for the same person who have power of making laws , who have also in their hands the power to execute them whereby they may exempt themselves from the burdens of the laws they make , and suit the law both in its making and execution , to their own private advantage â€Å". These all made Madison , a great lover of democracy and one of the founding fathers of American Constitution to observe: â€Å"accumulation of powers in a single hand is a very definition of tyranny†. As a result of this several colonies adopted Theory Of Separation Of Power in their own constitutions. Having found that it could work well they thought whether they could transplant these theory from colonial to the national field . They hit upon an idea of creating three coordinate independent authorities namely, the legislature, the executive , the judiciary, and endowing them with full powers in their own spheres , with in limits of constitution . In fact in the US constitution several provisions have been provided to ensure this . * Section (1) : Article(1): of the constitution vests all legislative powers in the Congress of United States consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives.  · Section (1) : Article(2) : of the constitution vest all executive powers with the President of United States of America.  · Section(1) : Article (3) : of the constitution vests all judicial powers in the Supreme court. The framers of the constitution were careful not to allow any branch to gain control or usurp the power of others. Further to strengthen the Theory Of Separation Of Powers and to prevent any arbitrary or despotic exercise of powers by these branches , the founding fathers provided certain inbuilt checks over each other. They are :  · If congress wanted to make any law , it needed President’s approval to be effective . If he refuses to approve the congress could re-pass the bill with 2/3 majority of the two houses under section(7) :article(1) – paragraph -3 of the US constitution. This means that even though the constitution had provided for Presidential veto, it’s misuse is being checked with this safeguard. Under section(3): article(1): paragraph-6 , of the constitution , empowers the congress the power to impeach high officials including the President .  · Section (2): article(2) : paragraph – 2 , empowers President to make treaties , under concurrence or ratification of the senate with a 2/3 majority of majority of senators present . President is also empowered to appoint any high ranking officials like judges of federal court , secretaries with the advice and consent of senate.  · The judiciary has also been vested with powers like any laws passed by either congress or by the president can be declared invalid by the court .This is known as â€Å"judicial review† , and because of these powers the US judiciary is being regarded as one of the powerful judiciaries in the world . Thus one department has been juxtaposed with each other so as to act as a check on the exercise of powers of each so as to maintain the balance of  power. This system is called ‘ the system of CHECKS AND BALENCES†. This is an integral part of the US constitution. The whole structure is built on ‘ SEPARATION OF POWERS†, and CHECKS AND BALENCES, which is a part and parcel of it .This is to ensure that no part would arbitrarily or in a capricious manner danger the liberties of the people. The US , constitution vests executive powers in the hands of one individual ,- the President of United States Of America. His powers are so enormous , wide and overwhelming that he has been described as the , â€Å"foremost ruler of the world†. The American President is not bound down by any cabinet . He chooses his own cabinet , which is at best his personal team of advisers . It has been characterized as the ‘president’ s family, and the head of the family , the president , inevitably dominates them. Ogg rightly describes him as the , â€Å"greatest ruler of the world†. According to Henry he exercises , † the largest amount of authority ever and as wielded by any man in democracy†. This system is called PRESIDENTIAL SYSYEM OF GOVERNMENT. The American President in respect of his powers is best compared to the Prime minister of the parliamentary democracies enjoying the support of a stable majority in the legislature, he is rather head of the state and the responsible head of the government. In many other nations , there is a chief of state whose duties are largely protocol in nature while the Prime Minister is the center of power . But the American President is the nation’s principal spokesman of both domestic and foreign policy . Laski has rightly remarked , There is no foreign institution with which in any strict sense, it can be compared because basically there is no comparable foreign institution . The President of United States is both more and less than a king , he is also both more and less than a Prime Minister†.

The Immigration of Mennonites to Canada essays

The Immigration of Mennonites to Canada essays Immigration to Canada: The Mennonites When the Mennonites started to flee Europe it was because of severe persecution from the Catholics and Protestants. The Mennonites religion was seen as bad because it was different from their own. The Mennonites believe that a church is a group of voluntary adults, which are baptized on their own confession of faith. No children are baptized until they understand their religion and can say they wish to fully be apart of it. For only the reason that the Mennonites didnt share the same beliefs as them, they were forced from their homes. Four thousand Mennonites were murdered by the Catholics and Protestants in Europe, most of these deaths were by burning or drowning. Clearly these people had to flee Europe to save their lives and the lives of their families. This was the reason behind the first group of people that came to settle in North America. The first major wave of immigrants to North America arrived in 1683 and settled in Georgetown, Philadelphia, which is the oldest Mennonite settlement in North America. The next small wave of settlers was in the 1700s; they all first arrived in Philadelphia so it became the port of preference for Mennonites. The first Mennonites to arrive in Canada arrived in 1786 when they came from Pennsylvania. They had to flee from the states because they were being persecuted there because of their pacifism during the American Revolution. Canada also had much more to offer including the western agricultural frontier and much better minority rights. Approximately two thousand Mennonites travelled from Pennsylvania to Ontario between the years of 1786 and 1825. The second migration to Canada was when around 7000 Russian Mennonites came to Canada in the 1870s. They came in search for land to farm and on the frontier. Two large reserves were made available to the settlers as soon as they had arrived, two more were made i...

Overview of the Sans-culottes

Overview of the Sans-culottes The Sans-culottes were urban workers, artisans, minor landholders, and associated Parisians who took part in mass public displays during the French Revolution. They were frequently more radical than the deputies who formed the National Assembly, and their often violent demonstrations and attacks threatened and cajoled revolutionary leaders down new paths at key moments. They were named after an article of clothing ​and the fact that they didn’t wear it. Origins of the Sans-culottes In 1789, a financial crisis caused the king to call a gathering of the ‘three estates’ which led to a revolution, the declaration of a new government, and a sweeping away of the old order. But the French Revolution wasn’t simply the rich and the noble versus a unified body of middle and lower class citizens. The revolution was driven by factions across all levels and classes. One group who formed and played a massive role in the revolution, at times directing it, were the Sans-culottes. These were lower-middle-class people, craftsmen and apprentices, shopkeepers, clerks, and associated workers, who were often led by the true middle class. They were the strongest and most important group in Paris, but they appeared in provincial cities too. The French Revolution saw a remarkable amount of political education and street agitation, and this group was aware, active and willing to commit violence. In short, they were a powerful and often overwhelming street army. Meaning of the Term Sans-culottes So why ‘Sans-culottes?’ The name literally means ‘without culottes’, a culotte being a form of knee-high clothing that only the wealthier members of French society wore. By identifying themselves as ‘without culottes’ they were stressing their differences from the upper classes of French society. Together with the Bonnet Rouge and the triple colored cockade, the power of the Sans-culottes was such that this became a quasi-uniform of revolution. Wearing culottes could get you into trouble if you ran into the wrong people during the revolution; as a result, even upper-class French people sported the sans-culottes clothing to avoid potential confrontations. What Role Did the Sans-culottes Play in the French Revolution? Over the early years the Sans-culottes program, loose as it was, demanded price fixing, jobs, and crucially provided support for the implementation of the Terror (the revolutionary tribunal that condemned thousands of aristocrats to death). While the Sans-culottes agenda was originally focused on justice and equality, they quickly became pawns in the hands of experienced politicians. In the long run, the Sans-culottes became a force for violence and terror;Â  the people at the top were only ever loosely in charge. End of the Sans-culottes Robespierre, one of the leaders of the revolution, attempted to guide and control the Parisian Sans-culottes. Leaders, however, found that it was impossible to unify and direct the Parisian masses. In the long run, Robespierre being arrested and guillotined, and the Terror stopped. What they had instituted began to destroy them, and from them on the National Guard were able to defeat the Sans-culottes in contests of will and force. By the end of 1795 the Sans-culottes were broken and gone, and it is perhaps no accident France was able to bring in a form of government which managed change with far less brutality.

Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Safety - Essay Example For example, although a person is in a secure place such as a well-founded and guarded building if the person is haunted by psychological harm, that individual cannot be said to be safe. Safety should include not only one aspect of life but the total conditions of an individual. Hence, when there is nothing that puts someone at risk of anything in whichever of the aforementioned aspects, the circumstance is considered safe. My personal definition of safety is supported by Webster in his definition of the word as the â€Å"state or condition of freedom from danger, risk or injury†. Furthermore, Merriam-Webster dictionary defines safety as â€Å"the condition of being safe from undergoing or causing hurt, injury or loss†. Although the aforementioned definitions do not specify the boundaries of the descriptions, I have taken the liberty of doing so in my personal definition of the word. I believe that my understanding and definition of safety is quite similar to its general definition. Based from the references mentioned above, it could be comprehended that the word means the absence or state of freedom from whatever brings harm, danger, hurt or injury whether it is physical, mental or

Separation of Church and State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Separation of Church and State - Essay Example This strategy is applied by those who are as eager to separate church and state, as those who seek to integrate them more tightly. One of the other primary issues that is raised in this debate is the rather practical one as to whether or not church and state are really separated at all. It is suggested that the notions of political liberalism, democracy, and the founding principles of modern states are based implicitly on moral codes and mores derived from religious institutions. Thus, religion and government are not inseparable a priori. The second type of argument given in this vein offers that the increase in the number and percentage of religious practices which exist here in the United States, mandates a level of management if not expressly establishment from Federal, State and local governments. The number of individuals who claim a religious affiliation that is neither Christian, Jewish, nor non-affiliated has risen from 7% to 20% in the past 30 years (Walker 1). While it migh t be the case that such diversity is to be lauded, the legal intricacies that must be navigated to ensure that these various religious practices have the "free exercise" guaranteed to them by the Constitution while simultaneously maintaining supposed "neutrality" on the relative merits of any individual religion (or non-religion for that matter) has become fraught with inconsistencies and difficulties. In this paper I will briefly highlight and discuss some of these difficulties, ideological and practical, philosophical and historical, that have made this issue such an integral part of the national debate for decades. Thomas Jefferson, a founding father and author of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, was indeed so partial to this document, that the drafting of this document along with his drafting of the Declaration of Independence and the founding of the University of Virginia, were the only three accomplishments he wished to have listed on his epitaph (Owen 496). The document itself is divided into three sections; the first section lays out the incoherence and troubles that compulsory adherence, or support of a religion would create. While Jefferson and other founding fathers were perhaps committed to disestablishment and free exercise, very few of them were "neutral" on the topic of religion altogether. Even from the text of this legal statute, religiosity, if not explicitly religion is evident in the nature and language of the text as can be seen from the beginning of the statute: "Whereas Almighty God hath created the mind free; that all attempts to influence it by temporal puni shments or burthens [sic], or by civil incapacitations, tend only to beget habits of hypocrisy and meanness, and are a departure from the plan of the Holy author of our religion" (Nancy 13). Thomas Jefferson was undeniably "a believer," with all of the connotations and implications that that phrase implies. Thus, when we consider what modern or contemporary concepts are part and parcel of the phrase "separation of church and state" our language today differs in a much more secular direction than Jefferson's "wall" might initially have entailed. Another formative document that reveals the early history and potential mindset of some of the founding framers' view of Church and its role in the state derive from an early Treaty signed