Hello My fellow classmates Essay

1.You have a friend who is of Jewish heritage; however, she has no religious belief. She asks you why, if God is good, He permitted the Holocaust to happen. What would you tell her? 2.You want to convince your professor that the reading load he has assigned is too heavy, given that you also have to write a research paper. You are asking him to eliminate one book from the class assignments so that you can concentrate on your own research. 3.You are writing an article for a theological journal arguing that heaven and hell must be understood as literal, physical places (as opposed to metaphorical or symbolic states of mind). 4.You want to start exercising for 30 minutes per day, but your spouse doesn’t want to. How would you kindly convince your spouse to join you? 5.You are reviewing a book manuscript for a university press. Although the book is skillfully and stylishly written, you think it may obscure or leave out some important facts that need to be pointed out. How would you point this out (without suggesting the book is bad and shouldn’t be accepted)?

Zoology Chordata Vertebrates

Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataClass: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)Subclass: Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays)Order: OrectolobiformesFamily: RhincodontidaeGenus: RhincodonSpecies: Rhincodon typus| Integumentary system Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) has the toughest and thickest skin of all the animals in the world. It reaches up to 14 cm of thick; whale shark is pale on the underside and dark gray-brown color with white spots on the top. This can serve as a camouflage looking up or down the sea for shark’s preys (SRI, 2008).As all the other Chondrichtyes, Whale Shark skin is covered with little cartilaginous tooth-like structures, this are dermal placoid scales arranged to reduce the turbulence of water flowing along the body surface during swimming (Hickman, 2006). Whale shark maintains internal salt concentrations lower than seawater by pumping salt out through rectal glands and kidneys. Sharks retain urea dissolved in their body fluids. They also produce Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) use to protect their proteins from denaturation by urea waste products.Retention of this organic solutes in their body fluids makes their osmolality slightly hypertonic to sea water (Hickman, 2008) Whale Sharks are ectothermic; this means that their body temperature is similar to the surroundings. They may regulate their body temperature by behavioral mechanism such as spending time in warmer surface water (Thumbs, 2012). Musculo-Skeletal System As mentioned, Whale Shark is an elasmobranch; the skeleton of this animal is made out of cartilage instead of bone. This along with the big liver filled with oil helps the shark to float easier an spend less energy on its movement (SRI, 2008).They also posses an pelvic fins supported by appendicular skeletons, dorsal fins, a medial caudal fin and a median anal fin. The heterocercal tail in sharks shows that the upturned tail axis tends to produce a thrust directed downwards be hind the center of balance of the fish and thus gives a moment turning the head upwards. This is countered in two ways—by the rotation of the tail along its longitudinal axis during each lateral beat, and through the action of the ventral hypochordal lobe.The shape of the tail and the mode of action of the tail in all sharks so far considered reflects a balance between these three factors, in all of them the net effect being the production of a forward thrust from the tail that passes directly through the center of balance of the fish (Stewart, Keith and Simanek, Dan, 2012). Respiration System Whale Shark possesses 5 pair of gill slits located on the side of their heads (SRI, 2008). Water must continually flow across the gill slits in order for the shark to breath; They do not have gill covers like bony fishes do, so whale shark need to continually swim for constant flow.When water passes over the gill, a system of very fine blood vessels takes up the oxygen from the water. D igestive System Whale Shark is a filter feeder. As it swims with its mouth open, masses of water filled with prey enter to its mouth consisted of 5 large gill arches. After closing its mouth, shark uses specialized organs called gill rakers to filter the nourishment from the water. Basically anything that does not pass trough the gills is eaten. (SRI, 2008). Preys may include plankton, krill, small fish and even squid. This shark can process over 6000 liters of water each our.Urinary System Urea and trimethylamine (TMAO) in their blood and tissues help to maintain their osmotic balance. They are without the usual urinary tract, so they concentrate urea in their blood and excrete it through their skin (Hickman, 2006). Reproductive System According to the Shark research institute, Reproduction behavior is uncertain. In their article â€Å"Whale Shark FAQ† they state; â€Å"Only one pregnant female shark has ever been exanimated by scientist Dr. Jennifer V. Schmidt, Director of SRI genetics Program† (12). The only pregnant female caught ontained in her tween uterus 307 embryo’s measuring between 42 and 63 cm in length, 15 where fully- developed and ready to born. Having this information whale sharks where found to fall into the classification of ovoviviparous. This information also suggests that Whale Sharks could be one of the most productive live bearing shark species. But it remains unknown why their population is small. Sexual maturity in whale sharks may occur until they reach about 9 meters long which is about 30 years old. Whale sharks live for about 70 to 800 years. (SRI, 2009) Bullfrog (Rana castabeiana) Kingdom: AnimalPhylum: Chordate Class: Amphibians Order: Salientia Family: Ranidae Genus: Rana Species: Rana catesbeiana (Bullfrog) Integumentary system Frog skin is thin and loosely attached to some of the muscles in the body. It is composed the skin is known to be permeable, which means that let the water pass in and out through th e skin membrane. Bullfrog’s skin is periodically shed as other frogs and toads do. The epidermis of the Bullfrog contains two types of glands: mucous glands, which help to protect the frog from dehydration and a large serous of glands that produce watery, poison material (Hickman, 2006).Musculo-skeletal system As many other amphibians bullfrogs live mainly in fresh water, but they can also migrate to other pounds lakes or reservoirs specially when is rainy or hummed. Bullfrogs have a well-developed endoskeleton made out principle of bone and some cartilage; this provides support for muscular movements (Hickman 2006). Bullfrog tent to develop strong and big muscles used for locomotion outside or inside the water. Bullfrogs as most of the other frogs and toads, are faced with an unusual locomotory challenge. They have to swim and jump using primary the hind limbs.The foot possess five rays and hand posses fore rays. Hind limbs and fore limbs posses a web-like structure to help frog locomotion also in water (Nauwalaerts, Sandra et al, 2007). Respiratory system Bullfrogs as many other amphibians use three respiratory surfaces for gas exchange: skin, mouth, and lungs. In bullfrogs lungs are present in adults (Hickman, 2006). On land Bullfrogs breath with their mouths closed. Bullfrogs present a positive lung pressure for breathing (Heckman, 2007). Their throat movements pull air through the nostrils to the lungs. Then breathe out with body contractions.Bullfrogs can also respire under the water through the skin using a process called cutaneous gas exchange. They use their skin for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange (Stinner N, Jerry, and Shoemaker, H. Vaughan, 1987) Digestive system Bullfrogs are voracious eaters, and will eat just about any animal they can swallow. These include: insects, crayfish, worms, minnows, other frogs (even Bullfrogs), small turtles, snakes, baby birds, and small mammals. They are most active at night. The frog digestive system, like mo st other digestive systems, starts in the mouth.Prey, which is sometimes caught by the frog’s sticky tongue, is diced by tooth-like structures in the mouth. The food then moves down through the esophagus, into the stomach, where, much like in the shark, the food is softened, broken down somewhat, and stored. From the stomach, food moves into the small intestine, where the most of the chemical digestion (i. e. the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, the liver secretes bile, etc. ) and nutrient absorption take place. One special attribute of the frog small intestine is that it has villi, small projections that greatly ncrease the surface area of the small intestine, allowing more nutrient absorption. Urinary system The urinary system of Bullfrogs as most of the frogs is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. The kidney excretes and re-absorbs electrolytes (e. g. sodium, potassium and calcium) under the influence of local and systemic hormones. pH balance is regulated by the excretion of bound acids and ammonium ions. Reproductive system Bullfrog’s are known to be oviparous and breeding occurs in permanent bodies of water that typically contain thick grows of algae and rooted aquatic plants.Breeding pools usually are rich in aquatic animal life and have a soft mud bottom (Hammerson, Geoffrey A, 1999). They initiate amplexus by making physical contact with an adult male. Amplexus and oviposition generally last from 15 min to 2. 5 hours and occur about midnight. Bullfrogs have found to mate and lay eggs in areas outside the sites defended by calling males. (Hammerson, Geoffrey A, 1999). Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines (turtles and tortoises)? Family: Cheloniidae (true sea turtles)? Genus: Chelonia?Species: Chelonia mydas Integumentary System Green sea turtles, as all the turtle’s species have evolved a bony outer shell, which prot ects them from predators. This shell covers both dorsal and ventral surfaces and it is consider the most highly developed protective armor of any vertebrate species to have ever lived. (Green Sea Turtles, 2001). The dorsal portion of the shell is known as carapace and it is covered with a large scale-like structures called scutes. The ventral portion of the shell is known as the plastron. This two structures are connected by hard shelled plates called lateral bridges.A difference of land turtles and tortoises, sea turtles are not able to retract their heads into their shells, and they heads remain out at all times (Green sea turtles, 2001) Green Sea turtles are ectothermic animals, which means that they regulate their internal temperature from their environment, this also explains why this turtles live in warm temperatures. Chelonia mydas maintain homeostasis using a specialized gland called salt gland; it helps them controlling their internal environment and it is located just behi nd each eye. Using this gland they excrete the excess of salt levels in blood in forms of â€Å"tears†. â€Å"Green Sea Turtles,† 2001). Musculo-skeletal system The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilages. Typically, it is divided into 3 main parts: the skull, axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton in sea turtles, each of these bony groups is a composite of several structures. The skull includes the braincase, jaws, and hyoid apparatus the axial skeleton is composed of the carapace, vertebrae, and ribs and the derivatives of the ribs. The plastron is a composite including derivatives of the axial and appendicular skeleton (ventral ribs plus shoulder elements).The appendicular skeleton includes the flippers, hind limbs, and their supporting structures (the pectoral and pelvic girdles). (Wyneken, 2001. ) Sea turtles are interesting because they have very highly evolved flippers to help them propel through the water. In addition to being able to propel themselves t hrough the water, the sea turtles use their flippers to climb up steep, rocky shores and can use their flippers to evade all sorts of different predators of the sea turtles. While sea turtles all have the same basic anatomy, there are some things that set some species of sea urtles apart from other sea turtles. For example, Green sea turtles have prefrontal scales on the head, a differing number of scutes on the carapace, and the type of inframarginal scutes that appear on the pastron. (Wtbeken, 2001. ) Respiratory system The sea turtle requires a respiratory system that is able to support it through diverse depths and distances. Due to sea turtles's excessive breath-hold, the respiratory system must be able to compensate for time elapsed without exhalation. When exhalation does occur, it is brief. The main component that bears the respiratory weight is essentially the lung.The lung, â€Å"functions as the major oxygen store and can supply sufficient oxygen for most routine dives ( up to 20 mins) to be aerobic† (Lutz, 1985). Moreover, the lung almost carries the complete load of respiration in the sea turtle. â€Å"The respiratory properties of sea turtle blood are particularly well suited to lung-tissue transport during routine brethhold periods, surviving prolonged dives of at least three hours by having a high anaerobic capacity† (Lutz, 1985). A difference of the amphibians, turtles posses a negative lung preassure. Digestive systemGreen sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, get their name from the color of their body fat, which is green from the algae or limu they eat. Adult green sea turtles are herbivores, meaning that they eat only plants, and therefore do not pose a threat to any other marine animals. Juvenile green sea turtles on the other hand are carnivorous. Their diet consists of jellyfish and other invertebrates (Green sea turtles, 2001). Although the carapaces of green sea turtles are mostly dark brown in color, they can be covered with patc hes of algae on which fishes in turn feed (Green sea turtles, 2001).This particular relationship of the fish eating algae off the turtle's shell would be considered a form of mutualism. Urinary System The excretory system of the turtle is responsible for removing harmful wastes from the turtle's body and blood. The kidney of the turtle performs the blood filtering process and the wastes are then sent to the bladder as urine. In sea turtles the kidneys are also aided by the salt gland to get rid of the excess salt in the sea water (Green Sea Turtles, 2001). The bladder is the storage place of the urine. From the bladder the urine goes to the cloaca, which is where urine leaves the body.The cloaca is also used to take in oxygen and other nutrients in sea turtles when they reach critical levels. Reproductive System Although green sea turtles live most of their lives in the ocean, adult females must return to land in order to lay their eggs. Biologists believe that nesting female turtle s return to the same beach where they were born. Hawaii's green sea turtles migrate as far as 800 miles from their feeding areas along the coasts of the main Hawaiian islands to their nesting beaches in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands (Green Sea Turtles, 2001).Males accompany the females during the migration, which usually occurs in the late spring, and mate with them off the shores of the nesting beaches. Females do not mate every year, but when they do, they come ashore often- as many as five times every 15 days to make nests in the sand and lay eggs. Green sea turtles nest only at night. The female must pull herself out of the water and all the way to the dry sand of the upper beach using only her front flippers. This is a difficult task as her front limbs have been modified into highly effective swimming flippers, and do not support the bulk of her weight in the sand.After placing the eggs female basically has completed her parenting job, then she returns to the sea leaving he r young’s to fend for them-selves. Unfortunately, not all of the hatchlings reach the ocean. Many are snatched up by hungry crabs and other predators along the way or become lost and die. In addition, some are eaten by sharks and other carnivorous fishes while at sea. Only a few baby turtles from each nest will survive into adulthood. Jaguar (Panthera Onca) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata SubPhylum: Vertebrata Class: Mamalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: EutheriaOrder: Carnivora Suborder: Feliformia Family: Felidae Subfamily: Pantherinae Genus: Panthera Species: Panthera onca Integumentary system Mammal’s bodies are covered by hairs, tegumentary features that contribute to the regulation of body temperature. In the skin there are a quantity of sweat glands and sebaceous or oil glands that help to keep the skin in good health by lubricating it and eliminating toxic byproducts through the sweat. In addition to this elimination function, the sweat contributes to thermo- regulation, cooling the surface through evaporation.In addition to hairs, the skin grows other structures, such as nails, claws or hooves as well as the horns and callous foot pads of certain mammals. Heterodontia is characteristic of mammals, that is to say that they have teeth of different structure, as opposed to homodontia, in which all the teeth are alike. Musculo-skeletal system The Jaguar is a large and muscular animal that has a heavier and sturdier body than that of a Leopard. They have a large, broad head with jaws so strong that they are said to have the most powerful bite of all the world's Cats. Jaguar, 2008). They are also fast runners, but they get tired quickly. They can also climb very well and are good swimmers. (Felines, 2002) The jaguar’s skeleton is not so different from the human skeleton. Jaguars have more bones and many are identical to those in the human being. They have have 13 ribs; humans have 12. They also do have clavicles but unlike humans, they are not attached to other bones. The outside of a bone, the cortex, is composed of minerals and protein and gives the bone its rigidity. Inside the bone is the marrow cavity that produces red blood cells.Jaguar’s muscles are tough and well-coordinated and help to make the animal an agile hunter. Basically, jaguar’s muscles are designed for walking, running, leaping, and twisting. Their muscular control and skeletal flexibility enable it to right its body during a fall with incredible speed—a trick that is unique to the family felidae. Respiratory System The respiratory system functions primarily to transfer oxygen from the air to the blood and to remove carbon dioxide from the blood and carry it out of the body into the air. Oxygen is vital to the body’s maintenance.Carbon dioxide is a waste product of the maintenance process. Jaguar breathes in air through its nose and mouth. The nose and mouth join to form the pharynx. The trachea is a tube that extend s from the pharynx to the lungs. The epiglottis covers the trachea when swallowing occurs to prevent food and water from entering the lungs. At the lungs the trachea branches into smaller tubes called bronchi or bronchial tubes. The bronchi divide into smaller and smaller bronchioles until they become dead end sacs called alveoli. It is in the alveoli where the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur.Digestive system The jaguar is a carnivore. It hunts mostly at night. Its prey includes capybara, peccaries, deer, large ground birds, fish, snakes, turtles and rabbits. It will also eat livestock like horses, cows and sheep. The jaguar hunts mostly on the ground, but it sometimes climbs a tree and pounces on its prey from above. The jaguar has very powerful jaws and sharp teeth and usually kills its prey with one crushing bite to the skull. ( Jaguar, 2008) Jaguar’s digestive system is comprised of the alimentary canal and accessory glands.The alimentary canal consists of the lips, mouth, teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The accessory glands are the liver, pancreas, and the salivary glands. All the organs work to process the food a cat eats. The intestines work to extract and absorb the nutrients and eliminate the wastes. (Foss, A. Michael, et al, 2008) Urinary System The important organs of the cat’s urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are located on either side of the body in the lumbar region (between ribs and pelvis).Blood is filtered through the kidneys and the liquid waste product is called urine. Urine is passed through the ureters to the bladder where it is stored. The urine is then discharged through the urethra, a tube connecting the bladder to the exterior of the body. (Foss, A. Michael, et al, 2008) Reproductive system Despite the fact that most Jaguar cubs are generally born between the months of December and March, it is not uncommon for them to be born at other times of the year. During the mating season, the female Jaguar will use loud vocal calls to attract a male into her territory. Female Jaguars typically give birth to two or three cubs.Once their cubs are born however, the female Jaguar will not tolerate the male in her territory as she becomes very protective of her young at this stage. Jaguar cubs are born blind and gain their sight after about two weeks. They are weaned by their mother when they are around 3 months old, although the cubs will rely on their mother to hunt and provide for them until they are about 6 months old. At 6 months, the Jaguar cubs will then start to accompany the female jaguar on hunts but will not venture out on their own until they are one or two years old and have established a territory for themselves. Jaguar, 2008) Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) Kingdon: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Psittaciformes Family: Pisttacinae Genus: Ara Lacepede, 1799 Species: Ara macao Subspecies: Ara macao cyanopterus Integumentary system Scarlet macaws are brightly colored birds with feathers ranging in color bands from scarlet on their head and shoulders, to yellow on their back and mid wing feathers and blue on the wing tips and tail feathers. The face has short white feathers. This area surrounds the light yellow colored eyes. The long, thick beak is light on the top and dark black on the bottom.The legs and feet are also black (David, 2003) Birds are endothermal, or warm-blooded. That means they have an internal furnace, fueled by food, that generates heat and allows them to keep their bodies at a constant temperature, even though the temperature of their environment changes. Birds are also able to regulate their body temperature by conserving or losing heat through a variety of ways -— feathers help retain heat, while panting helps get rid of heat. (Bird Life, 2008) Musculo-skeletal system Macaws are the largest parrots in the world — the bod y of the scarlet macaw from beak to tail can be as long as 33 inches.This beautiful macaw has a creamy white, almost featherless face, with bright red plumage covering most of its body, wings and long tail. Brilliant blue and yellow feathers also adorn the lower wings. The bird's strong beak is adapted to breaking hard nuts found in the rainforest. (David, 2003) Respiratory system The high metabolism and athletic life-style of birds require a great deal of oxygen. Four organs work together to carry oxygen to the cells: nostrils, trachea, lungs, and air sacs. With each breath, air moves through the nostrils, down the trachea and into the lungs and air sacs. From the lungs, xygen passes into the bloodstream and then to the body cells. The air that passes into the air sacs cools the internal organs and helps maintain body temperature. Nearly all of the air in the lungs is replaced with each breath. When flying, birds require ten to twenty times more oxygen than at rest. To supply the e xtra oxygen, birds increase their breathing rates. (Bird Life, 2008) Digestive system Wild Scarlet Macaws mostly eat fruits and seeds, including large, hard seeds. Like other parrots, they are seed predators, they destroy the seeds that they eat and do not disperse them. Some macaws are sometimes seen eating clay from river banks. Bird Life, 2008 Since birds have no teeth, the digestive system must grind up food so that the energy stored in it can be used. A hollow digestive tube extends from the mouth through the entire length of the body to an external opening called the cloaca. The tube is divided into the throat (pharynx), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Urinary system The urinary system of birds is different from mammals, as birds produce both urine and urates. The kidneys possess two different types of nephrons, the units that filter the blood to remove toxins and products of metabolism.Birds cannot concentrate their urine as well as mammals can. Bird s also are uricotelic, meaning that they excrete the end product of nitrogen metabolism as uric acid, which is made in the liver and they excreted from the blood. Uric acid is the creamy white portion of the dropping. Urine is the clear portion. The feces constitute the third portion of a dropping, and this consists of the solid portion, usually brown or green, depending on what the bird has been eating. A bird is able to urinate independently of defecating, or passing feces, but most of the time, the bird will pass urine, urates and feces at the same time. Bird Life 2008) Reproductive system Like most parrots, the female Scarlet Macaw lays 2 to 4 white eggs in a tree cavity. The young hatch after 24 to 25 days. They fledge about 105 days later and leave their parents a year later. (bird life, 2008) The scarlet macaw protects its baby by staying in the nest with the baby or babies and being aware of any type of danger. It pinches predators with its beak and screams noises for help w hen a predator wants to eat the baby and/ or female. The female stays with the baby 1-2 years. It stays most of the day and the male fetch food for the baby or babies. Brightsmith, 2004) Works cited Shark Research Institute. Whale Shark FAQ. Dlvingdog productions Inc. Nov 2006. Shark Research Institute. November 7, 2012. (Greey Literature) Thums, Michele. â€Å"Why Whale Sharks Need to Swim Near the Surface†. PHYS. ORG. Benson Jhon, October 19, 2012. Web. November 7, 2012. (Gray literature) Stewart, Keith and Simanek, Dan. â€Å"Body Form and Locomotion in Sharks†. Integrative and Comparative Biology Vol 17. 2 (2012): 343-354. Print (Scientific Journal) Roberts, Hickman, et al. Integrated Principles of Zoology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2006.Print Hammerson, Geoffrey A. Amphibians and Reptiles in Colorado, A Colorado Field Guide. Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 1999. Print Nauwalaerts, Sandra et al. â€Å"Morphological correlates of aquatic and terr estrial locomotion in semi-aquatic frog†. Journal of Anatomy. Vol. 210. 3 (2007): 304-317. Print. (Journal) Stinner N, Jerry, and Shoemaker, H. Vaughan. â€Å"Cutaneous gas exchange and low evaporative water loss in the frogs†. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. Vol 157. 4 (1987): 423-427.Print. (journal) Earthtrust. 2001. Green sea turtles. Retrieved November 7, 2012, from website: http://earthrust. org/wlcurruc/turtles. html Wyneken, J. 2001. The Anatomy of Sea Turtles. U. S. Department of Commerce NOAA Thechnical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-470, 1-172. Print Lutz, P. L. and T. B. Bentley. 1985. Respiratory Physiology of Diving in the Sea Turtle. Copeia. 3: 671-679 â€Å"Felines†. UXL Encyclopedia of Science. 2002. Encyclopedia. com. 10 November, 2012 Jaguar. OpenCrypt membership software. 2008. Web. November 9, 2012. Foss, A. Michael, et al. Cat Anatomy and Physiology†. 4-H Youth Development. 4. 3. (2008) :210-267. Print Jukofsky, Diane. Encyclopedia of Rainforests. Connecticut: Oryx Press, 2002. Alderton, David (2003). The ultimate encyclopedia of caged and aviary birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 234. BirdLife International 2008. Ara macao. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009. 1. . Brightsmith, D. 2004. â€Å"Macaws, their Nesting Sites and the Macaw Project† (On-line). Rainforest Expeditions. at http://www. perunature. com/info01. asp.

Investigation of Different types of Nanomaterials used in Cancer Research Paper

Investigation of Different types of Nanomaterials used in Cancer therapy - Research Paper Example eat advancements in the field of medicines and medical sciences but still it was difficult to control and suggest a proper treatment for cancer and according to the statistics, there have 13% deaths all over the world caused by cancer (Heath and Davis 02). If we analyse the trend of cancer patients then the result shows that there have been continuous increase in the number of cancer patients over last 70 years as compare to other diseases like heart attack, pneumonia or any other disease and the problem seemed to be out of control. Cancer could be cured by destroying the group of the damaged cells and stop supplying the blood to such cells so they may not grow further. But after several researches and studies chemotherapy and radiotherapy were introduced as a treatment for cancer. But the problem with these treatments is that these treatments not only affects the cancer cells but they also target the normal cells of the patients thus leaving dangerous side effects. It is almost predestined to occur the dangerous side effects of these chemotherapy treatments because it is a whole body treatment and in any way it will cause the harm. The most commonly used chemotherapeutic agents that are used are cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, platin umbased compounds, anthracycline, and hydroxycamptothecin with quite harmful side effects. That was the reason that it was a real need to research and invent a new treatment for cancer as the previous one was not a suitable one. And the recent improvisations in the medical sciences and the invention of nanotechnology are most likely a great blessing for the scientists who have been researching to find a different solution for cancer besides chemotherapy. Nanotechnology is basically related with the study of delivery of drug molecules with a particular target in the affected or diseased areas of the patients. This treatment not only offers the targeted delivery of drugs but with that it protects from dreadful conditions and controls

What do you understand by the term organisational climate What effect Essay

What do you understand by the term organisational climate What effect does this climate have on an organisational performance - Essay Example With the increase in competition and frequent changes in the external environment, organizations round the globe are to build up a healthy organizational climate to attract, motivate and retain the human resources; because the organizations round the globe have started to understand the fact that human resource of a company is the biggest asset. Organizational climate is actually a reflection of the organizational culture and hence organizational climate tends to have major impact on the overall performance of an organization. In order to describe the impact of organizational climate on the overall organizational culture a multiple case study approach would be used in this study. One of the companies chosen would the digital giant Google and another company would be the company which signified sound and melody through its products-HMV. In order to analyze the impact of organizational climate on organizational performance various motivational and business theories has been used over the course of study. From the humble beginnings in 1998 in a small garage Google Inc has become one of the largest companies in the world. One of the major keys to the success of the company has been the organizational climate. ... Google also does not believe in creating large organizational groups. Rather the company focuses on creating small groups consisting of some self driven individuals. Such groups are usually monitored by project managers. One of the most unique organizational cultures of Google happens to be one individual can change group and move to another group without even consulting he superiors (Buelens, Sinding, Waldstrom, Krietner and Kinicki, 2011, p.223). The above information can be analyzed by using the Douglas Mc-Gregory’s X and Y theory of motivation. The X theory advocates that employees are lazy and avoid responsibility; hence the employees need to be constantly threatened and monitored to get the job done. On the contrary Theory Y believed that employees are self reliable and if given the proper opportunity and environment employees would practice self responsibility and hence very little monitoring is needed. Based in the above information it can be easily seen that Google fo llows theory Y. The management and the leadership show trust on the employees and this instils confidence in the employees resulting in overall improvement of the organizational performance (Mullins, 2010, p. 331). The management team of Google believes in providing best possible benefits to the employees. Also the company seeks to get rid of any probable things which may cause hindrance in the performance of individuals and the organization. For example the management of the company provides top class facilities in the form of laundry services, gym, community buses, car washes etc. One Schmitt, the present CEO was found quoting that the employees would love to work; but it is

Humanity Origin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Humanity Origin - Essay Example A Christian’s view of personal fulfillment and relationship to the community may differ or be similar to the view of a Germanic warrior or the King of the Franks. A Christian is any believer in Jesus Christ who goes to church and committed to living the life of Christianity as taught by Jesus and his apostles. A Christian perceived personal fulfillment as living a holy life that bases on teachings of the Bible. To live a holy life, a Christian needed to obey God’s commands alongside following the Gospel of Jesus Christ. In fact, the teachings of Jesus that encircle the fundamentals of Gospel define the actual foundation of Christianity. As a Christian, one needed to refrain from murderous acts or any related thoughts. Murder or hatred in Christianity was tantamount to sin that was punishable by God. Believing in Jesus and following His teaching assured a Christian about his/her protection. The power of Jesus was above all powers on Heaven and Earth. Jesus was able to fi ght and triumph over enemies who pursued a life of a devoted Christian. Holy life pursued by a Christian as the basis of personal fulfillment also promised great privileges. Living holy life promised a Christian with great knowledge and wisdom that came from God. Being holy harmonized the relationship be God and a Christian, making God illuminate His desirable light in an individual Christian. With the light of God, a Christian was able to see secret things in spirit and predict situations before they could happen. This ability to prophesy was a rare gift from God that every Christian struggled to achieve. A holy life to a Christian meant living free from sin. Sin was everywhere in the world considering the attribution of Satan with evil and his abundance presence in the world. Sin diminished peace and attracted chaos and discord to individual’s life.With holiness, a Christian was able to conquer all the yokes of sin and rise above slavery.

Critical Summary for Meilaender's Why Remember Essay

Critical Summary for Meilaender's Why Remember - Essay Example The main reason why Leonard cannot remember is that he once sustained a blow on his head from an intruder who raped and killed the wife. Form the onset, Leonard is trying to recollect all that had happened to the wife so that he could identify this intruder, and subsequently plan for revenge. As the movie unfolds, Leonard is presented as a person who is working on unproductive events. Why is it claimed that he could not remember what happen, but he is planning for a revenge of what a happen. Actually, he wants to kill the intruder who caused him his state of the brain and wife. To this extent, it may be proper to claim that the writer of the script, once Gilbert Meilaender is writing or representing on something or an ideal that is affecting the society, but the society has adamantly refused to solve the situation. Leonard remembers to forget; that is he gets a hint of what actually happened but forgets the same after sometimes. Thereafter, Leonard opted to an option of taking snaps and jotting note behind each snap. He latter remembers that he could actually note that the intruder had some tattoos on his body. This leads him to his search; nonetheless, he is couscous not to be manipulated and used by other people to kill people who may be barriers on their way. Whatever Leonard is couscous of is what is actually taking place in the entire movie after this realization (Meilaender 01). The movie is quite an irony, how could a person undertake what he is wholly unfamiliar or rather illiterate. Even if, Leonard may finally manage to avenge the death of his wife with his slim knowledge about the events of that fateful day when he lost the wife and developed memory lapse, he would be in a never-ending search for this intruder. The entire puzzle seems to be giving Leonard a sense of depression as he digs into relevant information about his enemy. The recurring nature of Leonard’s state of mind makes a little bit difficult to summarize the movie. The puzzle is that the viewer is ever in the states of not knowing, as this is the same state Leonard is at, at all time. However, the viewer may be experiencing just a little of what may be the contemporary state of events in the world (Meilaender 01). The massage that may be picked from the movie is the concern of the scriptwriter who seems to be wondering if the humanity can make sense to the world if it lacks the capacity of forming new memories and connecting the same with an older one for continuity. On an everyday basis, Leonard wakes up in full knowledge of the death of the wife. Despite of this reality, Leonard is still unable to remember the duration that has happened. Addition, it may be true to say that at certain moments the depression and the pathos he is undergoing cannot even organize events in his life coherently because to him everything is always a discovery. He once claimed that he could not heal if he could not even feel time (Meilaender 01). The movie can actually draw one i nto a reflection of a place in memory in the human sense that deals with self, especially the self-sense that deals with a meaningful construction of life. As one analyzes, Leonard’s situation, particularly the desperation he is undergoing, it is apparent the human memory is a vital or central organ in organizing an individual by creating the understanding of the meaning of life to human beings. Moreover, there are several wanting situations that Leonard underwent that need deeper

Energy management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Energy management - Essay Example The targeted interviewee was the marketing and sales manager because he is the head of the department which controls sales and a lot of information is in that sector more so on demand for energy which was the requirement of our interview. Richard daily routine is described by his controls and managing the marketing and sales sector of his industry. He ensures that all is done in time and correctly ensuring the demand for their products does not go down. He likes his job because it is well paying and it is so attracting to him because it pertains his career and it involves innovative life which he likes a lot. ‘I dislike the tiring of my job’. Most of the time he spends outside office trying to find more customers and less time is spend in office (Scott, 2006). Conclusively the workers who are involved in the department of marketing and sales should be increased for them to ensure that the manager is not out of office most of the times and this will make him concentrate on office work which is more important to incorporate all jobs which needs to be dealt

Questions 7 & 8 psychosocial dev Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Questions 7 & 8 psychosocial dev - Essay Example â€Å"Observations of physical development reveal that growth is cephalocaudal (it proceeds from head to tail) and proximodistal (it proceeds from the center of the body outward) and that gross motor movements are developed before fine motor movements. Control of head and arm muscles is achieved before control of leg muscles. Similarly, children are able to control the muscles of their arms before they can control the fine muscles in their hands that are needed for tasks such as writing and cutting with scissors.† (Brewer, 2001, p13). This explains why a human first masters balancing his head and back before learning to stand and walk, and why younger children move their arms clumsily when attempting to paint until they master the skill of holding a brush or a pen properly and exerting enough pressure to write some strokes. The â€Å"Initiative vs. Guilt† stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial development usually happens during the preschool years of ages 3-6. At this age, the basic task is to gain competence and initiative. The child has a boundless supply of energy which permits him to learn all kinds of activities and ideas quickly and avidly. In discovering that he is capable of doing many things, he gets to attempt a lot of tasks that he may not be ready for. In the event that he fails in such tasks, he may become overwhelmed by resignation, guilt and anxiety. The preschool age is characterized by enthusiasm at proving one’s competencies by initiating or volunteering for tasks. The child is out to pursue evidences that he or she is already a â€Å"big† boy or girl and no longer a helpless baby. However, the reality that his youth brings many limitations to his abilities that need more time and practice to be honed, usually sets in and may cause him frustration and guilt at failing. If he is not able to deal with the frustration properly, then he may defer from taking

Rhetorics and Stereotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Rhetorics and Stereotypes - Essay Example Rhetoric and stereotyping go well with each other especially that people are using rhetoric to influence and keep stereotyping in practice. Stereotyping is also â€Å"implanted† in the mind from the early age and it is difficult to battle with, especially that the rhetoric acts on the mind as a persuasive tool.   Stereotyping is the concept which binds people with similar traits or attributes in a particular class. Stereotyping has its positive and negative impacts. Most of the people associate it with the discriminatory act against groups. Stereotyping promotes the group evaluation and value rather than individuals. People belonging to one stereotype are presumed to have traits which are attributed to that particular class regardless of the individual identities of people and their traits. Stereotyping, hence, creates difficulties for people who belong to a particular stereotype group but have different traits like politicians who are mostly known as corrupt people regardless of the individual nature and qualities of politicians. Stereotyping and its effects are different on every group. This paper, however, aims to analyze the Politicians, Tattooed persons, feminists and senior citizens as the major discussion in the field of rhetoric and stereotyping. The tattooed individuals are bound together in a single stereotyping group as per their similar practice of tattoos on their body. The similar trait of signing tattoos may differ in design, maxims, slogans, message and size. This stereotyped group is often associated with rockers, punks, criminals etc. In other words we may say that these people are not regarded as reverend as soldiers, older people, teachers etc. the group called feminists represents those who are highly in favor of equality and/or superiority of women over men. The people associated with this group are more concerned about freedom and rights of women in the society. People often consider them to have the feelings of

SMEs Entrepreneurship and Ethnic Distinctions Assignment

SMEs Entrepreneurship and Ethnic Distinctions - Assignment Example According to the research findings, today, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are the major source economic growth in the countries. According to International Finance Corporation, SMEs contribute to 90% of businesses in the world and accounts for approximately 50% of employment. Considering the global financial crisis, SMEs are the foundation of creating more jobs and economic growth, particularly in the developing countries. Hence, generating opportunities for SMEs is a major approach to encourage development and diminish poverty. Due to the global financial crisis, most of the emerging markets have constrained the right to use various financial services for SMEs. They are not given the complete access to financing as yet, however, the liquidity is brought back to financial institutions, and lending activities are reported to be lower than before. Around 17 million SMEs in developing countries have not met the credit needs, which is the reason to broaden up the gap. This gap has r eached in between $900 billion to $1.1 trillion in the developing markets. International Finance Corporation (IFC) has formulated the policies to foster the SMEs financing across the world so that to encourage business support for such enterprises. The obstacles in the development of SMEs and access to finance are due to the various ethnic groups positioned in the country. The differences between diverse ethnic groups make it more challenging to set policies with reference to SMEs ethnic minority finance. An ethnic minority group is referred to as a business which comprises of owner and managers or large numbers of partners from a specific ethnic group that exists in minority. These are particular non-white people who start their own small business. There are five major ethnic minority communities who start up their small business to the greater extent, include Pakistani, Black Caribbean, Indian, Black African and Bangladesh.

The Lonely Miss Brill Essay Example for Free

The Lonely Miss Brill Essay With a unique blend of symbolism, imagery and setting Mansfield brings us into the world of †Miss Brill†. The story is narrated in the third person; the narrator primarily acts as the voice of Miss Brill. By telling the story through the eyes of Miss Brill, Mansfield is able to convey to the reader the loneliness and the lack of self-awareness of the main character. She gives no explanation as to the Miss Brill’s past, leaving it to the readers to draw their own conclusions. At the same time the author provides clues from which the reader can derive the theme of this story. The central theme of â€Å"Miss Brill† is the pain of loneliness, and inadvertent attempts to experience life through the experiences of total strangers. Miss Brill, has many symbols that clearly point out that Miss Brill is an old maid without close contacts. Firstly, Miss Brill lives in northern France teaching English. She is an immigrant everyone she knows, with the exception of her students and a elderly man, lives in England. This makes Miss Brill a stranger in a strange land despite the fact that she speaks French. Another reason the reader can tell Miss Brill is alone stems from the title. She has never been married and therefore has no family. Also brill is French for bearded. Symbolically bearded people are old. These are some symbols that point the loneliness and age factor in Miss Brill. From the beginning of the narrative it becomes apparent that Miss Brill is starving for warmth and companionship. She tenderly caresses her fur as if it were a beloved pet when she rubs â€Å"the life into the dim little eyes† (p. 0) of the old fox boa. Another sign of Miss Brill’s need for companionship is evident in her perception of the music which the band is playing at the Jardins Publiques: â€Å"It was like some one playing with only the family to listen (p. 50). † Despite of her loneliness, she is considering herself a part of this family that the band is entertaining with its music. But in reality she is more of an observer, a observer, and not an active participant in life as it unfolds at the Jardins Publiques. She is looking forward to eavesdropping on other people’s conversations, believing herself to be quite an expert in remaining unnoticed. Miss Brill adopts a more critical, at times even hostile, attitude toward the women that she observes in the park than toward their male companions. She seems to view the man who shares her â€Å"special† seat as â€Å"a fine old man,† while the woman is â€Å"a big old woman (p. 50). † When she recollects the events of the previous Sunday at the park, she remembers a patient Englishman with the difficult to please wife, whom â€Å"Miss Brill wanted to shake (p. 0). † These observation of the women carry perhaps a note of envy that she feels toward the women who have male companionship. At this point in the story the reader still does not know much about her, except that she is a lonely observer. Then one of her observations about the â€Å"odd, silent, nearly all old people, and from the way they stared they look ed as though they’d just come from dark little rooms or even – even cupboards! (p. 51)† whom she sees every Sunday at the park hints to the reader that she might be one of those people. The pieces of the puzzle, of course, fall into place at the end of the story, when her room is described as â€Å"the little dark room-her room like a cupboard (p. 52). † This is the conclusion of the story, when Miss Brill is able to see herself and her surroundings in the new light. Her new self-awareness is brought about by disparaging remarks of the young lovers who refer to Miss Brill as â€Å"that stupid old thing (p. 52),† and to her precious fur as â€Å"a fried whiting (p. 52). † This is Miss Brill’s moment of epiphany. She is as old as the other park-goers, her fur is a pitiful necklet, and she foregoes her usual Sunday slice of honeycake. In spite of her newly found self-awareness, Miss Brill still denies some of her own emotions when â€Å"she thought she heard something crying (p. 52)† at the very end of the story. The tears are obviously her own. Yet another look at the same lines of the story you realize that the young man and girl are repulsed by her not really because of how she is dressed but she and the other older people represent their own mortality and one day they know they too may be like this.

Air Conditioner Using Engine Exhaust Heat

Air Conditioner Using Engine Exhaust Heat This paper describes the development possible in the field of vehicle air conditioning based on vapour absorption cooling. The cooling effect is produced by waste heat energy recovered from engine exhaust. The advantages of such a system are drastic reduction of fuel over consumption and emissions associated with vehicle air conditioner usage. The current air conditioning system used in automobile is based on vapour compression cycle which necessarily consists of a compressor driven by engine output and thus increases fuel consumption rate and pollution proportion. The introduction of vehicle air conditioning using vapour absorption cycle eliminates the need for compressor; here compressor is replaced by generator and absorber unit. Engine waste heat from exhaust gases is used as heat source for generator of vapour absorption system. This paper describes the development possible in the field of vehicle air conditioning based on vapour absorption cooling. Some limitations are outlined and suggestions for future improvement are pointed out. Keywords Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Cycle, Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle. Introduction Motivating factors for the designing this system is continuous optimization of the performance of internal combustion engines and the increasing utilization of air conditioning in vehicles, as it reaches the status of essential need for modern life. Internal combustion engines are potential energy sources for absorption refrigeration systems, as about one third of the energy availability in the combustion processes wasted through the exhaust gas. Thus, use of the exhaust gas in an absorption refrigeration system can increase the overall system efficiency. An automobile engine utilizes only about 35% of available energy and rests are lost to cooling and exhaust system. If one is adding conventional air conditioning system to automobile, it further utilizes about 5% of the total energy. Therefore automobile becomes costlier, uneconomical and less efficient. It also decreases the life of engine and increases the fuel consumption. For very small cars compressor needs 3 to 4 bhp, a significant ratio of the power output. Keeping these problems in mind, a car air conditioning system is proposed from recovery of engine waste heat using engine exhaust as source of generator for VARS. Introduction to VARS: Figure 1 Schematics of Ammonia Water Absorption Refrigeration System Fig. 1 shows a schematic of the basic aqua-ammonia refrigeration cycle. High pressure ammonia vapor enters the condenser, where it transfers heat to the neighborhood. Liquid ammonia leaves the condenser and passes through an expansion valve, reaching the evaporator pressure. The refrigerant then enters the evaporator, where it receives heat from the cold source, turning into low pressure vapor. In the sequence, ammonia vapor enters the absorber, where a weak solution of water and low concentration ammonia absorbs the refrigerant and, at the same time, transfers heat to the neighborhood. The solution has now a high ammonia concentration, and is pumped to the vapor generator, where it receives heat from an external source. The ammonia in the solution then evaporates, separating from water and flowing to the condenser to start a new cycle. A weak water-ammonia solution leaves the vapor generator and enters the absorber to absorb ammonia vapor from the evaporator. A heat exchanger betwee n the absorber and the vapor generator transfers heat from the weak solution leaving the vapor generator to the high ammonia concentration solution going into the vapor generator. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the absorption system is usually much lower in magnitude then the compression system. But this low value of the former is not of much importance since it uses the waste heat such as engine exhaust heat. The most important thing about VARS is even if the evaporator temperature falls, the same COP can be maintained by elevating the generator temperature .Hence the capacity of the system remains almost the same. Design procedure of heat extraction device: Since VARS is heat operated cycle we need heat extraction device to extract heat from high temperature source and to deliver this heat to the generator of system. In order to enhance the performance of the refrigeration cycle we need to optimize the design of the Heat Extraction device. Because of its simplicity in operation, less installation as well as maintenance cost, we select Heat Exchanger as heat extraction device. C:UsersLENOVODesktopA4heatex.jpg Figure2- Schematic of Heat Exchanger In order to find the dimensions of the Heat Exchanger we have to assume certain cooling capacity of the cooling system. Lets assume it as 2.5 kW that is Qref = 2.5 kW. Calculations for Heat Extraction Device that is in our case a Heat Exchanger are as follows Calculation for Ammonia site: Calculation of mass flow rate Qref = à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ *cp*(Tg Te ) (1) Where , cp specific heat capacity Tg Temperature of the generator Te Temperature of evaporator à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚  Mass flow rate From this equation we can determine mass flow rate of refrigerant. Calculation of velocity à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ =A*v*à Ã‚  (2) Where, à Ã‚  = density of the refrigerant (taken from design data book) A Flow Area for Refrigerant Ammonia In order to find A we have to take diameter of the tube according to availability in the market. v is the velocity of the refrigerant . Calculation of Reynolds number Re = (à Ã‚ *v*D)/ µ (3) Where D = diameter of the refrigerant tube  µ = dynamic viscosity of refrigerant at mean temperature (taken from design data book) Calculation of Prandtl number Pr = ( µ*Cp)/ k (4) Where, Cp = specific heat of the refrigerant k = thermal conductivity of the refrigerant Calculation of Nusselt number Calculation of the Nusselt number is based on the co-relations and the selection of the co-relation is based on the magnitude of the Re ,Pr , and the nature of the heat transfer surface. In our particular condition we select Gnielinski co-relation, since it involves less uncertainty (6%) so mathematical result will be more accurate. Nu = ((Æ’/2)* (Re 1000)*Pr)/ (1+12.7* (Æ’/2)1/2*((Pr)2/3 1)) (5) Where, Æ’ = friction factor its value depends on the Re Æ’= 0.079(Re)-0.25 4*103 Æ’=0.046(Re)-0.2 3*104 Calculation of convective heat transfer co-efficient Nu = (hr*D)/k (8) Where, hr = Convective heat transfer co-efficient k = Thermal conductivity of the ammonia Similar way we can find out these parameters for exhaust gases by following the same procedure. Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tm = (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T1-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T2) / ln(à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T2) (9) Where, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T1 = Temperature difference between the exhaust inlet temperature and refrigerant exit temperature à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T2 = Temperature difference between exhaust outlet temperature and refrigerant inlet temperature Calculation of Total Thermal Resistance Qref =U*A *à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tm (10) Since à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tm / Qref is the total thermal resistance we will get the value of 1/ U*A Calculation of the length of heat exchanger Rtotal = Rconv.+Rcond.+Rconv. (11) 1/(U*A)= 1/(he*A) + (ln( ro/ri)) /(2à Ã¢â€š ¬*L*k) + 1/(href*A) (12) Where, he = Convective heat transfer coefficient of the exhaust gasses href = Convective heat transfer coefficient of the refrigerant A = Heat Transfer Area From equation (12) we can easily calculate optimum value of the length of heat exchanger. Now Effectiveness of Heat Exchanger changes as Inlet Temperature Difference between hot exhaust gases and cool refrigerant varies. Effectiveness of Heat exchanger can be calculated by following procedure. Calculation of the effectiveness of the heat exchanger In case of the counter flow the effectiveness Ɇº is given by Ɇº = (1-EXP((-1+C)*NTU) /(1- C* EXP( (-1-C)*NTU)) (13) Where, NTU = Number of Transfer Unit NTU = (U*A)/(à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚  * CP)min. (14) C = Capacity Ratio C = (à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚  * CP)min / (à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚  * CP)max (15) Calculation of amount of heat transfer to the generator Ɇº = (actual heat transfer / maximum heat transfer) (16) Maximum heat transfer Qmax = à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ *CP*à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tmax (17) Where, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tmax = Maximum temperature difference between hot exhaust gases and cold refrigerant Using Equations (14) (15) we can calculate actual heat transferred to the generator of the VARS. Calculation of Coefficient of Performance (COP) of VARS COP= (Cooling Effect Produced / Heat Energy Input to Generator) (18) Since COP is the function of temperature we can calculate the COP by using following relation also, COP= (Te*(Tg-Ta))/ (Tg*(Ta-Te)) (19) Where Te = Temperature of the evaporator Tg = Temperature of the generator Ta = Temperature of absorber Results and Discussion: For optimization of design of heat extraction device, we need to determine and fix some parameters. Assume desired heat transfer to be 3 kW. Also we need to find out the specific temperature or temperature range of VARS generator so as to have optimum COP. Graph 1: Generator Temperature Vs COP of VARS From graph 1, it is clear that VARS system will have maximum COP in the generator temperature range of 118 °c (391 K) to 127 °c (400 K). Now we can fix the refrigerant outlet temperature. Furthermore we cannot reduce the exhaust gas temperature below certain level. Sudden drop in exhaust temperature will cause the exhaust gas to slow down. The drop in exhaust temperature can be accommodated by reducing the exhaust pipe diameter. After fixing the generator temperature i.e. , refrigerant outlet temperature, exhaust gas outlet temperature and refrigerant inlet temperature, the only parameter remaining is exhaust gas inlet temperature. Exhaust temperature varies with load conditions (no load to full load conditions) and driving conditions (idling to power mode). This results in to change in LMTD, due to which the overall heat transferred to refrigerant changes. As a result of change in exhaust gas inlet temperature the effectiveness of heat exchanger changes. As exhaust temperature increases effective heat transfer area required decreases as well as effectiveness of heat exchanger reduces. Optimum heat transfer area and effectiveness of heat exchanger is represented by graph 2. Graph 2: Optimum Heat Transfer Area, Effectiveness Vs Inlet Temperature Difference Effectiveness is the function of temperature difference between hot exhaust gases and cold refrigerant at inlet. As this temperature difference increases, effectiveness of heat exchanger decreases. Effectiveness of heat exchanger is not of prime concern. We can maintain the effectiveness to certain level by varying refrigerant inlet temperature by some means, for example, electric heating. It will maintain the temperature difference between two fluids at inlet. Small amount of energy will be utilized to elevate the refrigerant temperature. Prime concern of the study is to obtain desired cooling effect by utilizing exhaust waste heat. So effectiveness of heat exchanger can be compromised to certain level. Practically, COP of system will be much lower as compared to mathematically obtained values but sufficient to produce desired cooling effect efficiently. Graph 1 represents the theoretical values of COP obtained by equation (19). We have used these values to determine optimum generator temperature. After fixing the parameters of heat extraction device (Heat Exchanger), the practical values of COP are obtained by using equation (18). Graph 3 represents the practical values of COP. It is clear from graph 3 that as generator temperature rises from 118 °c to 127 °c, COP values drops to 73% and cooling effect obtained at a point is 2.8 kW and effectiveness of heat exchanger is about 50%. Graph 3: Generator Temperature Vs COP Conclusion From the above results we can say that it is possible to extract waste heat of the engine exhaust using heat exchanger. In order to increase the performance of VARS we have to operate heat exchanger at the optimum condition mentions in results. Some precaution we have to take care such as at the initial stages of engine operation performance of VARS is low, hence to get the same cooling effect we have heat ammonia generator using heating coil.

Education System of Pakistan Analysis

Education System of Pakistan Analysis All through human history, the source of success had been the control of natural resources land, gold and oil. Suddenly, the emphasis has shifted to knowledge and education in the modern contemporary world. The worlds wealthiest man, Bill Gates, owns nothing tangible no land, no gold or oil, no factories, no armies. For the first time in human history the worlds wealthiest man owns only knowledge, which has become the new basis for wealth. Progress and prosperity of a country, both spiritual and material, thus largely depend, more than ever before on the kind of education it provides to its people. Indeed, education is one of the most powerful instruments of change in achieving national goals by producing young minds imbued with the knowledge, attitude, skills and competencies to shape the future destiny of a nation. Contrary to the challenge of this emerging education revolution, out of Pakistans total population of 140 million, around 80 million are illiterate.  [1]  The national literacy rate is 45 percent with male literacy at 57 percent and female at 33, a gross enrolment at primary level of 87 percent (of whom 50 percent drop out before grade 5), 17.5 percent gross enrolment at secondary level and 4.5 percent at tertiary level?  [2]   Despite 53 years of our independence we have not been able to tailor the education system in conformity with our religious, ideological, socio- economic needs and the imperatives of the modern world. The failure could be attributed to any number of causes but the fact remains that quantitatively, our literacy rate is poorest even among developing countries of the world, qualitatively our certificates and degrees carry little weight in the international institutes and there still exists an imbalance in our requirements to tailor an ideal education system. We have stepped into the 21st century, which surely requires a definite reappraisal of our education system. We ought to learn from our very slow progress rate in the past and must take steps to meet the challenges of the future lest we are left behind. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF EDUCATION IN THE SUB-CONTINENT Teaching the offsprings has always been the natural instinct of all animals. It differed from society to society and man to man. The Sub-continent remained in darkness so far as community education was concerned till the establishment of Vedic schools but than it saw turbulence in this field which very few regions have seen. This part will briefly cover the different stages of the turbulence in the sub-continent. Before British Rule Vedic Schools of Brahmins. The earliest schools in the country now known as Pakistan were the Vedic schools for the training of Brahim priests. Sometimes before 500 B.C these schools began to enrol nonpriestly class pupils and to develop as true community schools in every village. They were generally composed of 12 to 20 students, and their sole teacher was the village priest who was regarded as a public official supported through rent-free land or a share in the harvest. The classes were normally held in the open under shady trees. Buddhist Monks. A parallel educational system was sponsored by the Buddhists to prepare their adherents for a life of meditation as a monk. The Buddhist schools, although located in monasteries, were open to all. Youth intending to pursue a monastic life were trained until the age of 20, while those who wanted a secular career left at the age of 12. Muslim Madrassahs. The Muslim invaders introduced the third educational system, and it flourished particularly in the northern areas of the subcontinent. Schools were generally attached to the Mosques, and the curriculum consisted of the Quran and little else. While the Muslim rulers supported only Islamic schools, Hindus and Buddhists retained their traditional education. Muslim male children (females were excluded from all forms of public education) began their study in maktab, where they received instructions from the imam (worship leader of a mosque) in the rudiments of the Arabic language. The older students continued their studies in the madrasahs, where they were taught Arabic and Persian, rhetoric, grammar, logic, geometry, algebra, astronomy, natural philosophy, medicine, theology and poetry. Children of the wealthy, especially the girls, were often tutored privately in their homes. The madrassahs declined in number and standards with the decline of the Mughal Empire and ris e of British power in the 18th and 19th centuries  [3]   During the British Rule The British System. The system of education followed in colonial India was introduced by the British primarily for turning out clerks and subordinates necessary for carrying on the administrative affairs of the country in English under the British masters in the colonial set-up. The system of education designed by Lord Macaulay in his own words was aimed at forming a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, opinions, morals and intellect.  [4]  By the end of the 19th century, Muslims were encouraged to opt for the British system of education, which opened the door to economic and social advancement. However the consensus of the opinion was that since the existing system was designed by the alien rulers to serve their own imperialistic ends it can hardly be expected to deliver the goods.  [5]   Muslim Institutes. In reaction to the British system, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan introduced a new English education system which, in character was Indian- Muslim. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founded Anglo-Muhammadan College, now known as Aligarh Muslim University in 1875, and he always believed that Western education was compatible with Islam. Simultaneously, the orthodox Muslims introduced institutions like Deoband, Nadwat-ul-ulema Lucknow etc, thus giving rise to a sharp distinction between the traditionalists and the modernists, a distinction that continues to this day. At / After Partition The inherited System. The present system of education in Pakistan is the heritage of the Pre Partitioned British India. However, since independence many policies, plans and reports have been formulated for improving the literacy rate in the country. The important documents in this regard are listed as annex A. Education Policy 1998 to 2010. The policy incorporates a large number of new steps to resuscitate the education system. According to this policy 45,000 new primary schools and 20,000 mosque schools are to be set up before 2003. 75,000 more basic education institutions were to be established under Prime Minister Literacy Commission. 45,000 primary schools are to be upgraded to middle level and 30,000 to secondary level. The policy laid special emphasis on vocational and technical education. Private sector has also been encouraged to set up schools, colleges and universities. This is an ambitious policy aimed at achieving 70% literacy by year 2010. Its other main features are attached as annex B  [6]  : All the policies and plans as mentioned above envisaged various objectives at different levels however the spirit of the objectives, remained the same as it continues to stress: The ideological basis of education. National Unity. Development. Growth of the Society. Economic Progress. Equalisation of educational opportunity. Social equality. Quality of education. j. Education to be oriented to the world of work. Quality of education to be maintained at all levels with global standard. Propagation of scientific, technological and research aptitude. To promote functional literacy among out of school children. To bring about cultural harmony and social cohesion through education. To bring about the countrys spiritual and culture in harmony with the contemporary world. The overall sketch of the objectives of all-educational policies and plans clearly indicates the story of Education in Pakistan as the story of high promises, rhetorical emphasis on progress but sadly, little real achievement  [7]  . ANALYSIS OF OUR PRESENT EDUCATION SYSTEM Though the education system has attracted a considerable attention, it is difficult to ascertain any deterioration in its quality as well as quantity. There has been manifold increase in the number of educational institutions. The government is spending much more than it was in the past but the results are still not satisfactory. The parents blame the teachers, teachers the students and students, in turn, shift the entire responsibility to the system and society. To ascertain the erosion of education standards, it is important to analyse the education system as follows: Basic Ingredients. Major Weaknesses. Effects of Existing Education System. Basic Ingredients The educational pyramid consists of three distinct stages Elementary, Secondary/Higher Secondary and Higher Education.  [8]   a. Elementary Education. Designed from 5 to 12 years of age to impart universal literacy and explore hidden talent among the students from class I to 8. Elementary education employs regional languages as medium of instruction. Rural areas confront low enrolment, weak turnout, weak infrastructure and inadequate facilities, whereas urban institutions are overcrowded and located in unhealthy environment. This crucial stage of a childs learning is overloaded with stereotypical academic curriculum basically aiming at providing primary inputs for higher education. The syllabus provides no opportunity for arts, crafts and pre-vocational exposures. Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Secondary and Higher Secondary stage is an integral part of the growth package for an individual towards his intellectual, research and professional excellence, coincides with adolescence stage (a delicate and sensitive phase of human development) which requires calculated guidance with logical reasoning. The existing curriculum at this stage is again information oriented, predominantly bookish and theoretical in nature, which does not develop a child as to the demands of either the society or work place. The students thus lack exposure to practical and creative work. Soon after their secondary schooling, many of them begin to search for a clerical type of job. At present, 60-80% of students in secondary classes are enrolled in arts subjects, which leads through an aimless general education that has very little acceptance in our agro-based controlled economy. Thus, a pattern of supply rather than demand-orientation in terms of instructions at secondary and higher secondary levels is further accentuating the dropouts either before or during this critical learning period. Higher Education. This commences at the age where the element of coercion fades away and students are motivated enough to pursue serious studies and possess abilities for academic/intellectual growth. There are basically stages of scholarly activities at higher education. These are B.A, M.A and the M.Phil. /Ph.D. The first one introduces the field of specialisation, the second the mastery of same field and the third carries students into new advanced fields through independent study and original research work. Under the present educational environment, higher education is producing academics instead of practitioners as there is virtually no concept or avenue for the use of higher learning of certain subjects in our society. Since thinking process and creation of knowledge remains quite restricted without proper experience and experiments and therefore, higher education without practice cannot be truly useful. Some relevant educational statistics/targets as envisaged in the educational policy of 1998-2010 are attached as annexes C, D, E and F MAJOR WEAKNESSES Lack of Quality Education. The most important problem being faced by our educational system is that of quality education. The major factor being over-crowding in the classes i.e. 80 students or more are handled together in a small room. The teaching staff is also unable to pay individual attention to their students; this naturally leads to indiscipline and deterioration of standards in the class.  [9]   Untrained Teachers. Unfortunately non-availability of qualified and properly trained teachers also retarded the expansion of literacy rate by adversary affecting the establishment of new educational institution as well as the quality of education in existing institutions. In a nation wide study in Pakistan in 1995, teachers with less than Matric level education could not answer 30% of questions based on grade four textbooks.  [10]   Large Number of Dropouts. Socio-economic factor is a major reason for a large number of dropouts of students even before completing their primary/middle standards. Economic pressures force a student to assist the family to increase family income at the expanse of his education. Other contributing factors in this regard are :  [11]   A dislike for school subjects. Unsatisfactory student-teacher relationship. A history of school failures. Non participation in school activities. Female Education. Literacy rate of female in Pakistan is half of that of males. Primary reasons for this are: Male dominance, cultural biases, and ages old tribal traditions. Girls are often required to help with household work of the family. Lack of conveniently located schools and separate schools for girls. Non availability of female teachers. In Pakistan female teachers at primary level are 25% of total teachers. Inflexible hours of schooling and irrelevant curricula. Non Involvement of Community. Nationalisation of schools in the 1970s, without adequate community participation in the running of schools, had led to a major deterioration in the quality of education. Non Participation of Private Sector. Insufficient government facilities do not cater for requirements of the country. In rural areas, where literacy rate is at the lowest, no worth while participation of the private sector exists. Illdiversification of Courses. It is imperative that a wide choice of subjects be made available to the students at the beginning of 9th class to suit their individual needs, aptitude and temperaments. It is unfortunate that most of our education is of a general and academic nature. Therefore there is an intellectual drought. The general academic nature, no doubt, helps in broadening the vision and creating a general consciousness of the happenings around us, but it is seldom of any use in carrying out the practical affairs of life successfully in the complex society of today. Allocation of Funds. UNESCO has recommended that 4% of the G.N.P, is a reasonable amount to be spent by the developing countries on education, whereas Pakistan presently is spending about 2.2% of G.N.P on education. Infact Pakistan is the only country in South Asia, where expenditure on education, as a percentage of G.N.P, has fallen since 1990.  [12]   Evaluation System. Prevalent examination system is marred by a number of evils. Tests are based on end of cycle certification rather than periodic tests. Dangerous trend of cheating and manipulation has also crept in the system. Language. Our education system suffers from a precarious struggle between education in English and Urdu. Presently, there are two standards of education each basing on one language. Other Factors Out of meagre amount spent on education, a huge portion is wasted through corrupt and inefficient system. According to a survey by Army Rs 1.5 billion per year were embezzled in head of teachers salaries.  [13]   52% of teachers in Pakistan use physical punishment. Curriculum of primary education is not in line with our objectives and national aspirations. Textbooks are sub standard and generally are not in conformity with the specifications/standards set by the curriculum bureau.  [14]   Political unrest and unhealthy political activities amongst students adversely affect education. Its however limited to beyond primary and secondary levels. School timings for the year do not take into account agriculture cycles, which limits attendance in rural areas.  [15]   Narrow research base in the universities. h. Non-employability of educated youth. j. Ineffective role of media. k. Education not being used at all for social change. l. Learning less in substance and more in volume. Effects of Existing Education System Lack of National Aspirations. The development of education is confronted with just about all problems that can be found anywhere in the world. A long detailed description of objectives and aspirations of all educational policies since 1947-98 magnifies the confusion as it has always been set in the absence of definite National Goals. Waste of Effort. The present education system does not prepare a student for the challenges of the life rather it only prepares him for examination. At the same time huge amount is spent on sending individuals abroad for higher studies and research but the country does not have requisite means and infrastructure to benefit from their higher standards on their return, thus the higher qualification become a mere status symbol with no advantage to the country and no satisfaction to the individuals academic aspirations. Loss of Inherited Trade. Most of our students come from the working class. The present system of education detaches them from their ancestral trade/business and imparts them a general education though at times it may be very sophisticated education. These youth are ultimately a loss to their trades, to their parents, to the society and to themselves as well. The present system of education is systematically producing a large number of unemployed, frustrated and dejected youth.  [16]   Unemployment. Education policies in the past made an effort to give an industrial bias to education. Hence a number of polytechnics and commercial colleges were opened throughout the country. The result is that now we have a daring situation of unemployment among technically qualified. Moreover trade and industry field in the country is still not sufficiently developed to absorb these trained people. Bad Governess. Giving higher education to those not possessing the intelligence and aptitude is a national waste. The present system of education in Pakistan is producing so many unemployable graduates of such indifferent quality that they are often not even good clerks and assistants. It is not the number of persons graduating that asses the efficacy of an education system but the quality of such graduates. When the incapable graduates grow in abundance and the society has no system other than the degree to determine merit, the incompetent are bound to infiltrate all walks of life and reasonable positions and threaten the very survival of the socio-economic institutions. The proliferation of facilities for higher education without appropriate merit criteria is, therefore, counterproductive. Waste of Female Strength. Women who constitute 52 % of the countrys population have literacy rate of only 26%. The dropout ratio for women during and after primary schooling is about 80%. The main reason behind it is that girls are not considered as an economic asset to the family hence their education remains a neglected aspect in our society. Production of Disgruntled Youth. According to education policy 1972-80, the existing system of education is one of the root cause of the general dropout in our education system. At present there are internal examination from class first to seventh, under which students are failed or passed on the basis of annual test. There is no test of observing or recording the performance of the student throughout the year. As a result the passing or failing of a students in the annual examination becomes a matter of the pupils memory. The high percentage of failures not only leads to heavy dropouts but also brings to life feeling of frustration and inferiority in the student. This is not only a national wastage but adds to our society a large number of handicapped people,  [17]  which ultimately produces disgruntled youth. Controversial Medium of Instruction. Notwithstanding the recognition of Urdu as a national language in the constitution, education policy on the medium of instruction is always based on compromises. The phenomenon of different languages being used in various regions as medium of instruction and even within a region has created a confused state. In these circumstances development of textbooks in indigenous languages has not been carried out in a systematic and co-ordinated manner. This apart, a student remains exposed to learning three/four languages. From this ensues limited linguistic ability which restricts the students horizon and forces them to rely on memorising and learning by rote.  [18]  The students mug up few topics that they expect in examination; if the question paper include those topics, the examinees are happy and if the expected questions are not asked, they protest violently and leave the examination hall. Lack of Pride in the Teaching Profession. Qualified and motivated youth in the teaching profession is essential to ensure a quality education. The best graduates join either engineering or medicine while the rest look for other outlets before joining as a teacher. Low pay grades, poor social status, meagre benefits and a missing career-ladder in teaching profession does not attract the best students. Presently, teaching is a difficult job with low salary, no status and ever-growing public criticism. These are making it difficult for the teacher to work with pride and dedication. Improvement Towards Betterment STRENGTH Having completed the analysis, it is felt that there are basically five major fields in the education system, which needs close attention to put the things at their right place. The recommendations are being made in these fields one by one which are:- Economic Reforms. Structural Organisations. Qualitative Improvements. Socio-Political, Ethical and Cultural Development. National Emergency Economic Reforms User Charges. There is a strong justification to gradually raise fee structure for secondary and higher level education. However, on social consideration the raise should be steeper for higher level than secondary level. Those poor outstanding students, who qualify for higher studies, should be provided a fixed stipend. Induction of Local Bodies and Private Sector in Education. Education is basically the responsibility of provincial government, but at the same time it is also a national concern and in certain major areas, decision ought to be taken at national level. There is a need to regard education as a federal-provincial partnership. Education planning has to be decentralised to the district level and still down to union council level. Moreover, there is a need to incorporate private sector particularly the NGOs and support them in a massive way through financial support to enable them to undertake literacy programmes on a much larger scale. Increased Budgetary Allocations. The government must allocate minimum 4% of G.N.P, to education as recommended by UNESCO. Additional resources be diverted from the budget to education by effecting some economy in defence /Non developmental expenditure. Structural Organisation Primary and Adult Education. Primary and adult education should form the bulwark of our education structure and should receive highest allocation. Emphasis should be laid on properly equipping the existing schools before establishing new formal schools or informal and community schools. However, the existing and new schools should take into account the socio-economic environment of areas in the matter of educational cycle and timings of schools. If this is not taken into account, high dropout rates and phenomena of ghost schools will continue. Secondary Education. Secondary schools are of two types, general and vocational/polytechnic. These schools should be unified and converted into complete stage of education with curricula of compulsory subjects and a few elective subjects for preparing the students for a definite vocational career. Tertiary Education. The colleges and the universities, both general and professional, have outgrown in number. The need is to consolidate and improve these seats of higher learning than expanding them. This improvement and consolidation should be brought about by: a. Admitting the students purely on merit after subjecting them to aptitude tests so as to determine whether they really qualify for specialised studies. b. Making the colleges and universities autonomous and research oriented. c. Throwing out politics and professional students from the campuses. d. Bestowing on Professors and Teachers the same social status as is enjoyed by them in advanced countries. Medium of Instructions. The issue of medium of instruction has continued to be skirted due to its sensitivity. The issue should be tackled rationally and boldly as under: At primary level the national language as unanimously agreed to by the representatives of the people and enshrined in the Constitution, should be introduced as the medium of instruction. At the secondary level also, the national language should be made the medium of instruction. English should be taught as compulsory subject and its curricula should be completely revised to encourage communicative and cognitive skills in this language. c. At tertiary level, English should be the medium of instructions. The possibility of introduction of national language can be reviewed later. Qualitative Improvements Teachers Education. The output of qualified teachers has lagged behind the expansion in the schools. Therefore, the number of teachers training institution should be increased and unqualified teachers should be compulsorily trained in these institutions. Those who do not qualify should not be retained. At the same time, the terms of service of teachers should be improved to make profession of education attractive. Teachers Supervision and Performance Assessment. With the expansion in the educational network, supervision and assessment of teachers has received a serious setback. This lack of supervision and support has resulted in large-scale absenteeism and low morale among teachers. Hence, in order to improve supervision and carry out on-the-spot support to teachers (model teaching, in service training etc) existing training and inspection system should be strengthened. Incentives. Suitable annual awards should be instituted for the meritorious work in the field of literacy at national, provincial and local level. It has been observed that government schoolteachers take up alternative employment while their attendance is recorded regularly by junior teachers attending the classes. In the rural areas the situation is much worse. Number of Students in a Class. To prevent overcrowding, the number of students in a class should be restricted to thirty-five or less. Physical Facilities including Instructional Material. The educational institutions are deficient in four areas, namely buildings and furniture, laboratories and equipment, textbooks and sports. These facilities are to be made available without any delay. Curriculum. Curricula in educational institutions are not only overcrowded but also out of pace with advancement of knowledge. Therefore, a major effort should be made to revise curricula at primary, secondary, college and university levels in order to make it meaningful and responsive to the needs of the society. Moreover it should be same for both the government and private schools throughout the country. Textbooks. Our textbooks are of poor quality lacking content, method of presentation, printing and set-up. At the same time, they are cost productive. These textbooks have also a strong flavour of foreignness which, to a large extent, owes to syllabus as also to scarcity of writers who can compose textbooks without relying heavily on plagiarism. Therefore, a massive reform of textbooks should be undertaken. Examination System. The examinations test the students for rote memory and largely exclude conceptual and cognitive tests. The system should be reformed with emphasis on internal assessment and its linkage with curriculum development process. There is also a need for the standardisation of the examination system. All examination papers should be prepared by one central authority, through one curriculum both for private and government schools. Effort should also be made to make evaluation system foolproof. There is also a need to take suitable measures to eliminate test papers and notes other than prescribed curr

Biological and Psychoanalytic Perspectives in Psychology Essay

The psychoanalytic perspective grew out of subsequent psychoanalytic theories (1901, 1924, and 1940) following decades of interactions with clients with the use of an innovative procedure developed by Sigmund Freud that required lengthy verbal interactions with patients during which Freud probed deep into their lives. In a nutshell, the psychoanalytic perspective looked to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focussing on the influence of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on the methods people use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges. The Biological perspective on the other hand looks at the physiological bases of behaviour in humans and animals. It proposes that an organism’s functioning can be described in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that cause behaviour. This paper attempts to examine the similarities and differences between the psychoanalytic perspective and the biologica l perspective with the key focus on the core assumptions and features of these perspectives as well as their individual strengths and weaknesses. The biological perspective examines how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behaviour. It emphasizes that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behaviour, thought, and emotion. It is believed that thoughts and emotions have a physical basis in the brain. Electrical impulses zoom throughout the brain’s cells, releasing chemical substances that enable us to think, feel, and behave. Renà © Descartes (1596–1650) wrote an influential book (De Homine [On Man]) in which he tried to explain how the behaviour of animals, and to some extent the behaviour of humans, could be like t... ...m and Irving B. Weiner Freud, S. (1957b). Some character types met with in psychoanalytic work. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 309–333). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1916) McKinley, J. and Fryer, D. (2004), Higher Psychology: Approaches and Method. KEEGAN, G. (2002) Hodder and Stoughton, London, 298 pp Introduction to psychology 5t ed - Morgan and king Psychology science and understanding Barry d. smith (1998) McGraw-Hill Psyhology making sense david A. STATT - NEW YORK- HARPER AND ROW 1977 HANDBOOK of PSYCHOLOGY VOLUME 5 PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Theodore Millon, Melvin J. Lerner/ Irving B. Weiner: Editor-in-Chief Waiten,W., (2007) Seventh Edition Psychology Themes and Variations. University of Nevada, Las Vegas: Thomson Wadsworth.

Free Speech, Censorship, and Self Determination Issues in Protests against the Chinese Government :: China Government Research Politics Papers

Free Speech, Censorship, and Self Determination Issues in Protests against the Chinese Government Introduction As a Chinese American, I have long admired the African American culture that spawned the civil rights movement. Here was a people buffeted by a history of discrimination that asserted its equal rights as men and women. Whether advocating nonviolence and integration or separation and violence if necessary, these men and women used and asserted their freedom of speech on the streets, in writings, and on the airwaves. Today we see China growing rapidly in economic power yet shaken by protests by workers displaced by the closings of state owned enterprises and migrant workers treated as second class citizens. We see organizations, from the Chinese Democratic Foundation to the Falun Gong, advocating and asserting human rights. The Chinese government has been relentless in "nip(ing) those factors that undermine social stability in the bud, no matter where they come from."(7) Many human rights organizations and dissident organizations have turned to the Internet to protest these government actions and to communicate, inform, and advocate their message to both the Chinese people and to the rest of the world. As a believer in protests and freedom of speech and someone who wants Chinese culture to grow, I should be a staunch supporter of these organizations and their actions. Yet, I am torn. What's Happening In China China is undergoing rapid and violent change. China has the fastest growing economy in the world, growing at 9.1% clip in 2003. SFGate recently reported on Shanghai novelist Mian Mian whose tale exposing an underground of rock, drugs, and promiscuity is reminiscent of America in the 60's. The number of Chinese Internet users is estimated at close to 80 million. A new generation of artists have appeared on the scene, wryly commenting on China's rapid change. China, nominally communist, seems freer than ever before and its future looks bright. Yet, you also hear reports of corruption, of large and growing underclass, and renewed repression. It seems that partly fueling China's engine of growth is a near inexhaustible supply of cheap and desperate labor spawned by the closing of state owned enterprises (S.O.E.s) and an impoverished rural population. These hardships have spawned a migrant labor population, estimated to swell to 100 million this year, that has flooded urban centers looking for work. These workers are denied education, medical care, pensions, are locked out of most jobs, and are vulnerable to labor abuses.

Eyes Were Watching God Essay examples -- essays research papers

Their Eyes Were Watching God provides an enlightening look at the journey of a "complete, complex, undiminished human being", Janie Crawford. Her story, based on self-exploration, self-empowerment, and self-liberation, details her loss and attainment of her innocence and freedom as she constantly learns and grows from her experiences with gender issues, racism, and life. The story centers around an important theme; that personal discoveries and life experiences help a person find themselves. Nanny was determined that Janie would break the cycle of oppression of black women, who were "mules for the world". (Both of Janie's first two husbands owned mules and the way they treated their mules paralleled to the way they treated Janie. Logan Killicks worked his mule demandingly and Joe Starks bought Matt Bonner's mule and put it out to pasture as a status symbol.) After joyfully discovering an archetype for sensuality, love, and marriage under a pear tree at sixteen, Janie quickly comes to understand the reality of marriage in her first two marriages. Both Logan Killicks and Joe Starks attempt to coerce her into submission by treating her like a possession (Killicks worked her like a mule and Starks used her like a medal around his neck). Also Janie learned that passion and love are tied to violence, as Killicks threaten to kill her and Starks beat her to assert his dominance. She continually struggled to keep her inner self-intact and strong in spite ...

Long ago in Olympus

Long ago in Olympus, a new god was to be created, a god wielding thunder and rules over Olympas named Zeus, and a goddess of penalty and wrath named Nemesis or Adrestia , from meeting on a beautiful day, to Hera having a new deity to vanquish. She sent out a bird to search the skies for someone to take over and get rid of Nemesis once and for all, not even sparing the child she had to give birth to. Eventually, Zeus of course had found out about this elegant bird, and had sent out Hermes to warn the deity of Hera's bird and her wrath, after hours of searching for Nemesis he found the deity, â€Å"Oh great Nemesis of wrath and penalty,† He began, â€Å"My queen has found your interests in the mighty Zeus, and seeks vengeance, she has sent out a beautiful bird of green, a Resplendent quetzal she called it to be exact,† he went on, â€Å"The mighty Zeus wishes for you to hide, for if the bird finds you and and a host, you will be killed.† Distraught, Nemesis spoke with her calm but serious voice, â€Å"My dear Hermes, I am giving birth to a child of his, please bring back this news to Zeus, I shall be off to a place to hide by tomorrow morn,† and with that, Nemesis flew away with her wings, to find a place good for her, and her newborn. Days, weeks, now months have past of the bird being missing and Hera running out of patients, Zeus had looked out for the bird, but when the day came, he knew that Hera was too late, the bird had come back, but to no prevail has he found the right god, and the deity, in rage, Hera had struck the bird,destroying the elegant bird. Nemesis soon came out of hiding, but with a child, whose hair was short to her shoulders but shimmering like beautiful gold, lips dark and beautiful as cherry wood, her skin a fair brown texture like the trees of spring, but with no iris, she was not blind, but her eye color was not seen, at least not by any one yet, this did not come to the little girl as a shock, she always new she was different, and liked it that way. Nemesis picked up the little girl and spoke with a calm voice, â€Å"My darling Pluvo, I have noticed your growth, and wish that you leave, for I can no longer care for you, my job is to bring misfortune, and I have been gone long enough, know that I will always think of you when it rains, for I know that is your purpose, go little one, be on your way,† and with one more hug, she gave her a staff of crystal and water, and a head piece of gold with two little wings at the sides, and away she went. Pluvo was new to the world, she had learned to hunt, fight, and more, but her purpose was unclear, in Olympus there was a river, a beautiful deep crystal blue it had, she would practice with water, she was never sad down there, she was happy and that was all she needed. Soon Pluvo had went up to Olympus to find her mother, to ask why she had to hide, but too soon did Zeus find her, the problem was he had never seen his new child, this could have been a mistake if he did not ask this simple question.